Table 3.
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | RSE | β | RSE | β | RSE | β | RSE | |
Immigrant generation and age at migration (ref: Third-plus generation) | ||||||||
Second generation | −0.155* | (0.070) | −0.106 | (0.070) | −0.097 | (0.070) | −0.093 | (0.075) |
First generation, arrived before age 10 | −0.144 | (0.107) | −0.090 | (0.107) | −0.113 | (0.108) | −0.109 | (0.111) |
First generation, arrived age 10–16 | −0.502** | (0.148) | −0.427** | (0.147) | −0.477** | (0.150) | −0.473** | (0.154) |
Language | ||||||||
Non-English language spoken in childhood household | −0.011 | (0.080) | ||||||
Family structure and instability | ||||||||
Parental co-residence in prior yeara | ||||||||
Lived with biological mother | −0.140 | (0.089) | −0.140 | (0.089) | ||||
Lived with biological father | −0.134 | (0.074) | −0.134 | (0.074) | ||||
# changes in co-residence with mother birth-prior yeara | 0.060 | (0.043) | 0.056 | (0.043) | ||||
# changes in co-residence with father birth-prior yeara | 0.058 | (0.057) | 0.058 | (0.057) | ||||
Lived with biological father at birth | −0.088 | (0.074) | −0.088 | (0.074) | ||||
Mother was married in prior yeara | −0.286*** | (0.047) | −0.166** | (0.057) | −0.166** | (0.057) | ||
# changes in mother’s marital status birth-prior yeara | 0.111*** | (0.025) | 0.065* | (0.028) | 0.065* | (0.028) | ||
Controls | ||||||||
Age | 1.131*** | (0.118) | 1.122*** | (0.118) | 1.113*** | (0.118) | 1.113*** | (0.118) |
Age squared | −0.024*** | (0.004) | −0.023*** | (0.004) | −0.023*** | (0.004) | −0.023*** | (0.004) |
Age at time of first interview | 0.016 | (0.013) | 0.018 | (0.013) | 0.022 | (0.013) | 0.022 | (0.013) |
Race/ethnicity (ref: Non-Hispanic white) | ||||||||
Hispanic | 0.360*** | (0.067) | 0.326*** | (0.067) | 0.317*** | (0.068) | 0.323*** | (0.078) |
Non-Hispanic black | 0.834*** | (0.059) | 0.773*** | (0.060) | 0.746*** | (0.061) | 0.746*** | (0.061) |
Other race | −0.162 | (0.125) | −0.178 | (0.127) | −0.186 | (0.127) | −0.183 | (0.128) |
Highest completed education of resident parents (ref: High school graduate) | ||||||||
Less than high school graduate | 0.244*** | (0.058) | 0.236*** | (0.059) | 0.219*** | (0.059) | 0.219*** | (0.059) |
College graduate | −0.419*** | (0.050) | −0.367*** | (0.051) | −0.359*** | (0.051) | −0.359*** | (0.051) |
Religion (ref: Catholic) | ||||||||
Protestant | 0.090 | (0.054) | −0.102 | (0.054) | −0.114* | (0.055) | −0.115* | (0.055) |
Baptist | 0.110 | (0.068) | 0.090 | (0.069) | 0.080 | (0.069) | 0.079 | (0.069) |
None | 0.365*** | (0.067) | 0.318*** | (0.068) | 0.301*** | (0.068) | 0.301*** | (0.068) |
Other | −0.210* | (0.100) | −0.217* | (0.100) | −0.226* | (0.100) | −0.226* | (0.100) |
Parent/caregiver interview (ref: bio mother interviewed) | ||||||||
Biological father interviewed at baseline | 0.066 | (0.068) | 0.067 | (0.067) | 0.052 | (0.074) | 0.051 | (0.074) |
Other caregiver interviewed at baseline | 0.065 | (0.096) | 0.060 | (0.101) | −0.129 | (0.119) | −0.130 | (0.119) |
No parent/caregiver interview at baseline | 0.074 | (0.068) | 0.100 | (0.068) | 0.072 | (0.069) | 0.072 | (0.069) |
Intercept | −13.585*** | (0.861) | −13.408*** | (0.865) | −13.155*** | (0.874) | −13.152*** | (0.874) |
Notes: Robust standard errors (in parentheses) adjust for clustering of individuals within households.
Prior year indicates a lag of one year.
p<.05;
p< .01;
p<.001