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. 2017 Jan 28;6(2):136–146. doi: 10.1002/psp4.12153

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© 2017 The Authors CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Pharmacodynamic (PD) response of genes associated to pain. The PD response of genes associated with pain were predicted following single administration of acetaminophen (APAP; solid lines) and co‐administration of APAP and caffeine (CAF; dashed lines). The doses were stepwise increased from a therapeutic single dose to the maximum daily dose. (a) PD response of a set of pain‐related genes. (b) PD response of individual genes involved in pain modulation as well as in pain conduction and synaptic transmission.