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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017 Apr 1;74(4):439–453. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001279

Table 2.

Prevalence of lifetime smoking, current smoking, former smoking, and never smoking for male and female persons living with HIV/AIDS.

Author Group Lifetime/Ever Smoking (%) Current Smoking (%) Former Smoking (%) Never or Non-Smoking (%) Significant Comparisonsa
Turner et al., 200177 HIV Men 42.1 2, OR=3.0; 95% CI=1.7-5.3
HIV Women 68.2
Gritz et al., 200443 HIV Men 50.4 19.1 30.5 1, OR=1.90, 95% CI=1.08-3.33
HIV Women 34.8 7.6 57.6
Neumann et al., 200445 HIV Men 67.5 1, p<0.01
HIV Women 49.3
Miguez-Burbarno et al., 200578 HIV Men 65.7 ~11.0 ~24.0 Not reported
HIV Women 59.3 ~13.0 ~27.0
Benard et al., 200679 HIV Men 51.1 4, OR=0.93, 95% CI-0.76-1.14
HIV Women 49.3
Glass et al., 200680 HIV Men 58.4 Not reported
HIV Women 53.8
Mbulaiteye et al., 200681 HIV Men 69b Not reported
HIV Women 55b
HIV MSM 60b
Webb et al., 200735 HIV Men 54.8 4, p=0.52
HIV Women 56.7
Carr et al., 200882 HIV Men 42.7 Not reported
HIV Women 33.7
De Socio et al., 200883 HIV Men 61.8 Not reported
HIV Women 60.2
Duval et al., 200884 HIV Men 48.2 17.8 34.0 1, p<0.001
HIV Women 30.3 16.3 53.4
Jacobson et al., 200885 HIV Men 43.3 Not reported
HIV Women 66.7
Murdoch et al., 200886 HIV Men 67.2 1, p=0.015
HIV Women 53.5
Desalu et al., 200987 HIV Men 42.2 35.6 57.8 1, p<0.001 (LS)
HIV Women 13.6 11.9 86.4
Jaquet et al., 20 0988 HIV Men 46.2 15.6 1, p-values not reported
HIV Women 3.7 0.6
Webb et al., 200989 HIV Men 68.5 4, p=0.52
HIV Women 72.4
Aboud et al., 201090 HIV Men 45.0 Not reported
HIV Women 16.0
GP Men 13.4
GP Women 12.7
Cahn et al., 201091 HIV Men 25.0 1, p<0.001
HIV Women 16.7
Cui et al., 201048 HIV Men 45.7 22.3 31.9 Not reported
HIV Women 36.0 8.0 56.0
Lifson et al., 201092 HIV Men 42.8 26.8 30.4 1, p<0.001
HIV Women 34.2 19.6 46.2
Amiya et al., 201153 HIV Men 72.0 1, OR=9.20, 95% CI=3.80-22.26
HIV Women 15.0
Brion et al., 201193 HIV Men 50.7 1, p=0.001
HIV Women 38.7
Collazos et al., 201194 HIV Men 87.6 1, p=0.005
HIV Women 79.7
Petoumenos et al., 201195 HIV Men 46.1 24.8 29.1 1, p-values not reported
HIV Women 38.3 18.3 43.4
Pines et al., 201196 HIV Men 69.7 8.0 22.3 Not reported
HIV Women 57.2 7.9 34.9
Stewart et al., 201197 HIV Men 43.2 1, OR=1.87, 95% CI= 1.14-3.06
HIV Women 28.9
Beachler et al., 201247 HIV Men 32.0 68.0 Not reported
HIV women 46.0 54.0
Non-HIV men 18.0 82.0
Non-HIV women 48.0 52.0
Chander et al., 201298 HIV Men 67.9 1, p<0.05
HIV Women 58.5
Iliyasu et al., 2012100 HIV Men 10.8 24.5 64.6 1, p<0.001
HIV Women 0.0 1.2 98.8
Kristoffersen et al., 201299 HIV Men 51.8 4, p=0.11
HIV Women 3.1
Villanti et al., 2012101 HIV Men 91.2 8.8 Not reported
HIV Women 90.0 10.0
Batista et al., 201344 HIV Men 32.5 25.0 42.5 1, p<0.001
HIV Women 22.9 27.5 49.6
Bryant et al., 2013102 HIV Men 58.3 15.3 26.4 4, p-value n.s.
HIV Women 74.4 9.3 16.3
Buchacz et al., 2013103 HIV Men 59.3 1, p=0.001
HIV Women 51.1
Shirley et al., 2013104 HIV Men 29.8 39.9 30.3 4, p=0.71
HIV Women 25.0 37.5 37.5
Siconolfi et al., 2013105 HIV H Men 71.9 1, p<0.001
HIV MSM 36.8
HIV H Women 55.9
Waweru et al., 2013106 HIV Men 23.3 Not reported
HIV Women 7.4
Aichelburg et al., 2014107 HIV Men 48.9 Not reported
HIV Women 37.8
Luo et al., 2014108 HIV Men 90.4, 0.3, 1.7c 1, p<0.001d
HIV Women 2.6, 22.1, 0.0c
Miguez-Barbano et al., 2014109 HIV Men 66.5e 1, p<0.03g
HIV Women 53.9f
Pacek, Latkin, Crum, et al., 2014110 HIV Men 73.4 4, p=0.34
HIV Women 77.9
Pacek et al., 2014111 HIV Men 48.3 16.9 34.9 3, p=0.025
HIV Women 48.9 10.2 40.9
Samperiz et al., 2014112 HIV Men 61.4 25.6 13.0 4, p-value n.s.
HIV Women 61.7 23.3 15.0
Torres et al., 2014113 HIV Men 33.4 22.9 43.6 1, p<0.001
HIV Women 23.3 25.8 50.9
Tron et al., 201442 HIV H Men 32.8 38.2 29.0 HIV men versus HIV women: Not reported;
5,p=0.001
6,p=0.002
HIV MSM 41.8 24.6 33.6
HIV Women 41.2 28.0 30.7
GP Men 29.2
GP Women 22.9
Ahlstrom et al., 2015114 HIV Men 54.6 18.3 27.1 Not reported
HIV Women 37.6 13.2 49.1
Cioe et al., 2015115 HIV Men 40.4 2, p=0.04
HIV Women 48.8
Estrada et al., 2015116 HIV Men 54.8 4, p=0.81
HIV Women 53.9
Mdodo et al., 201537 HIV Men 65.2h 42.9h, 40.9i 22.3h 4,p=0.34 (M versus W, p=0.14 (T versus W)
5,p<0.001
6,p<0.001
HIV Women 56.9h 41.5h, 34.6i 15.4h
HIV Transgender 33.9h
GP Men 49.2 h 23.3 i 25.7 h
GP Women 36.4 h 18.0 i 18.5 h
Moreno et al., 2015117 HIV Men 45.5j, 21.4k 33.1 4, p=0.31
HIV Women 34.7j, 30.6k 34.7
Nguyen et al., 2015118 HIV Men 59.7 15.6 24.7 1, p<0.01
HIV Women 2.6 0.9 96.6
O'Cleirigh et al., 2015119 HIV Men Not reported 1, p=0.005l
HIV Women Not reported
Rasmussen et al., 2015120 HIV Men 51.6 19.4 28.9 Not reported
HIV H Men 42.0 16.7 41.3
HIV MSM 51.4 0.2 28.5
HIV Women 29.9 15.9 54.1
GP Men 19.6 34.4 46.0
GP Women 19.2 34.4 46.4
Zyambo et al., 2015121 HIV H Men 39.0 24.9 36.0 1 (CS), MH versus W, OR=1.8, 95%
CI=1.3-2.6; MSM versus W, OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.1-1.9m
3 (FS), MH versus W, OR=2.3, 95%
CI=1.5-3.2; MSM versus W, OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.2-2.4m
HIV MSM 39.5 22.9 37.5
HIV Women 34.9 15.9 49.3
Marando et al., 2016122 HIV Men 49.9 14.4 30.9 4, p=0.79
HIV Women 53.4 12.2 29.1
Muyanja et al., 2016123 HIV Men 44.4 6.2 4, p=0.06 (CS)
3, p<0.001 (LS)
HIV Women 8.3 1.8

Note: data from general population (GP) samples or samples of men and women without HIV are presented in italics

Key: CPD, cigarettes per day; CS, current smoking; FS, former smoking; GP, general population; H, heterosexual; LS, lifetime smoking; M, men; MSM, men who have sex with men; T, transgender; W, women

a

Significant comparisons of the smoking prevalence of HIV men versus HIV women; HIV men versus GP men; and HIV women versus GP women are labeled by outcome (1-7, see below). If the comparison was for one or some of the smoking statuses but not all, the smoking status that the statistic refers to is labeled (e.g., CS, FS). Statistics may have been calculated for the percentage of men or women who reported a smoking status. If so, that p-value is presented and the percentage of smokers within gender was calculated by the authors.

1, significant difference in smoking prevalence for men with HIV compared to women with HIV or significant differences in distribution of smoking status for men with HIV compared to women with HIV: greater current smoking prevalence for men with HIV compared to women with HIV

2, significant difference in smoking prevalence for men with HIV compared to women with HIV or significant differences in distribution of smoking status for men with HIV compared to women with HIV: greater current smoking prevalence for women with HIV compared to men with HIV

3, significant difference in smoking prevalence for men with HIV compared to women with HIV or significant differences in distribution of smoking status for men with HIV compared to women with HIV: differences in lifetime, former, or never smoking

4, no significant difference in smoking prevalence or distribution of smoking prevalences for women with HIV versus men with HIV.

5, significant difference in smoking prevalence for men with HIV compared to GP men or significant differences in distribution of smoking status for men with HIV compared to GP men: greater smoking prevalence for men with HIV than GP men

6, significant difference in smoking prevalence for women with HIV compared to GP women or significant differences in distribution of smoking status for women with HIV compared to GP women: greater smoking prevalence for women with HIV than GP women

7, significant difference in smoking prevalence for MSM with HIV compared to GP MSM or significant differences in distribution of smoking status for MSM with HIV compared to GP MSM: greater smoking prevalence for MSM with HIV compared to GP MSM

b

Percent who reported smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day (lifetime)

c

Cigarettes only, chewing tobacco only, cigarettes and chewing tobacco, respectively

d

Greater prevalence of cigarette smoking for men versus women; greater prevalence of chewing tobacco use for women versus men

e

Nonmentholated cigarettes 22.3%, mentholated cigarettes 44.2%

f

Nonmentholated cigarettes 11.8%, mentholated cigarettes 42.0%

g

Greater prevalence of nonmentholated cigarette smoking for men versus women; similar prevalence of mentholated cigarette smoking for women versus men

h

Weighted prevalence, n=3981

i

Adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, and poverty level. HIV n=4207, GP n=27603

j

Prevalence of current daily smoking

k

Prevalence of current occasional smoking

l

While the smoking prevalences were not reported in the text, it was reported in text that smokers were more likely to be male than female

m

Adjusted for “clinically relevant” variables