Table 1.

Polysaccharides applied on the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Class	Origin	Effect and mechanisms	Reference
Plant	Astragalus membranaceus	Improving insulin sensitivity; decreasing myostatin expression; downregulating ROS-ERK-NF-κB pathway	Liu et al., 2013
	Liriope spicata	Improving PI3K signal pathway; upregulating the protein expression of PPARγ; improving glucose metabolism	Xiao et al., 2014
	Lycium barbarum	Delaying the absorption of glucose; reducing the postprandial blood glucose	Tang et al., 2015
	Ophiopogon japonucus	Regulating InsR/IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/GSK-3/Glut-4 signal pathway	Wang et al., 2012
	Cucurbita moschata	Decreasing the levels of TG, TC, and LDL, cholestrol; increasing the levels of fecal fat, and HDL	Zhao et al., 2013
	Panax ginseng	Alleviating oxidative stress; stimulating increased insulin secretion	Sun et al., 2014
Mushroom	Ganoderma Lucidum	Upregulating Bcl-2 and PDX-1; downregulating Bax, iNOS, and Casp-3 mRNA expressions	Zheng et al., 2012
	Ganoderma atrum	Activating PI3K/Akt/Enos signal pathway	Zhu et al., 2014
	Grifola frondosa	Increasing the metabolism of glucose; regulating Akt/GSK-3 signal pathway	Ma et al., 2014
Seaweed	Enteromorpha prolifera	Regulating the mRNA level of InsR, GCK, APN, and GLUT-4 gene in liver and adipose tissue	Lin et al., 2015
Bacterial	Trametes gibbosa	Decreasing the levels of LDL-C BG, TG, and TC; increasing the level of HDL-C	Ma et al., 2013
Animal	Misgurnus anguillicaudatus	Elevating the insulin level; increasing PEPCK mRNA expression; reducing glycogen contents	Zhou et al., 2015