Table 2.

Polyphenols applied on the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Origin	Effects and mechanisms	Reference
Ecklonia cava	Improving blood glucose regulation; regulating hepatic glucose metabolic; upregulating Akt protein	Kim et al., 2016
Folium Mori	Increasing the mRNA and protein expression of IRS-1 of PI3K-p85α and Glut-4IRS-1/PI3K/Glut-4 signal pathway	Cai et al., 2016
Litchi chinensis Sonn.	Improving glucose tolerance and insulin resistance; influencing lipid metabolism; increasing mRNA levels of Bax and NF-κB	Man et al., 2016
Corchorus olitorius	α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory; high antioxidant capacity	Oboh et al., 2012
Theobroma cacao L.	Ameliorating insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake, and adiponectin secretion via regulating MAPK signal pathway	Ali et al., 2014
Grape seed	Regulating MFG-E8, IL-1β and NLRP3	Yin et al., 2015
Curcuma longa	Inhibiting the activation of the SphK1-S1P signal pathway	Huang et al., 2013