Table 2.
Baseline scores and pre-to-post intervention change
| Test | Mean (SD) (n=77) | Range | Post-pretest change (n=42) | Cohen’s d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive | ||||
| Trail Making Test, Part Aa | 34.68 (13.81) | 16–85 | −3.78 | −0.57 |
| Trail Making Test, Part Ba | 87.60 (50.64) | 35–300 | −7.71 | −0.50 |
| BACS Symbol-Coding | 45.84 (11.10) | 14–71 | 0.74 | 0.22 |
| Letter Fluency | 36.99 (12.21) | 12–72 | −0.76 | −0.25 |
| Category Fluency | 20.70 (5.10) | 11–36 | −1.39 | −0.64* |
| CPT-IP Mean | 2.65 (0.81) | 0.04–4.15 | 0.08 | 0.40 |
| UM Letter Number Span | 13.67 (3.71) | 5–22 | 1.07 | 0.81* |
| WMS-III Spatial Span | 15.38 (2.97) | 9–22 | −0.09 | −0.09 |
| BVMT-R Immediate recall | 21.58 (7.15) | 2–34 | 3.15 | 1.21* |
| HVLT-R Immediate recall | 26.00 (4.90) | 16–36 | 1.59 | 0.68* |
| MIST | 35.57 (8.27) | 9–48 | 1.71 | 0.46 |
| NAB Mazes | 15.71 (6.62) | 2–26 | 0.93 | 0.42 |
| WCST-64 Total Errorsa | 20.27 (11.14) | 6–49 | −1.85 | −0.44 |
| Global Deficit Scorea | 0.64 (0.65) | 0–3.42 | −0.04 | −0.07 |
| Functional Capacity | ||||
| UPSA Total | 79.16 (10.44) | 43.94–100 | 2.38 | 0.51 |
| Financial subscale | 44.10 (4.61) | 27.27–50 | 0.89 | 0.43 |
| Communication subscale | 35.07 (7.77) | 5.56–50 | 1.49 | 0.37 |
| SSPA Mean | 4.41 (0.63) | 2.19–4.94 | −0.04 | −0.17 |
| ILSS Mean | 0.78 (0.07) | 0.55–0.92 | 0.03 | 0.83* |
| Quality of Life | ||||
| QOLI-Life in General | 4.00 (1.62) | 1–7 | 0.37 | 0.50 |
| Symptom Severity | ||||
| HAM-Da | 12.86 (6.94) | 0–28 | −1.27 | −0.43 |
| PANSS Positivea | 12.29 (5.04) | 7–27 | −0.02 | −0.01 |
| PANSS Negativea | 13.45 (5.12) | 7–26 | 1.29 | 0.55 |
Denotes measures in which lower scores are better. Cohen’s d=the effect size of post-intervention (3-months) minus baseline change (small=0.20, medium=0.50, large=0.80; Cohen, 1992). The sample size of the change score (n=42) differs from that of the HLM analyses (n=77) due to list-wise deletion of the change score approach.
denotes significant change from baseline (p<.05).
BACS=Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; CPT-IP=Continuous Performance Test—Identical Pairs; UM=University of Maryland; WMS-III=Wechsler Memory Scale-3rd edition; BVMT-R=Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised; HVLT-R=Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; MIST=Memory for Intentions Screening Test; NAB=Neuropsychological Assessment Battery; WCST-64=Wisconsin Card Sorting Test 64-item version; UPSA=University of California, San Diego Performance-Based Skills Assessment; SSPA=Social Skills Performance Assessment; ILSS=Independent Living Skills Survey; QOLI=Quality of Life Interview; HAM-D=Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; PANSS=Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale