FIG 4 .

Archaeon-bacterium associations in great ape gut microbiomes. Networks of positive and negative associations between archaeal 94% OTUs and bacterial genera are shown. Associations are based on relative abundances and include only those involving the seven archaeal 94% OTUs comprising the core archaeal microbiome of humans. Distributions of archaeal OTUs and bacterial genera among great ape species are indicated by solid and open circles, respectively. Lines denote statistically significant associations (P = 0.001) with a Spearman’s rho value of less than −0.5 or greater than 0.5. Black lines show positive and negative associations between archaeal OTUs and bacterial genera present in humans, whereas gray lines show associations of the same archaeal OTUs with bacterial genera not detected in humans. (See Data Set S5 for additional taxonomic information.)