Table 1.

Components and scoring system for the cardiovascular reflex tests [7, 16].

CARTs	Scores (values)
	Normal (0 points)	Borderline (1 point)	Abnormal (2 points)
(A) HR response to deep breathing	⩾15	11–14	⩽10
(B) Valsalva ratio	⩾1.21	1.11–1.20	⩽1.10
(C) HR response to standing (30 : 15 ratio)	⩾1.04	1.01–1.03	⩽1.00
(D) Postural blood pressure change	⩽10	11–29	⩾30

CARTs, cardiovascular reflex tests.