Table 1. Descriptive data of study variables in childhood and adulthood by race and gender.
| Whites (N = 609) | Blacks (N = 339) | P-valuesa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | |
| N | 246 | 363 | 125 | 214 | ||
| Baseline in Childhood | ||||||
| Age (year) | 10·6 (3·1) | 10·5 (3·1) | 10·3 (3·4) | 10·3 (3·1) | 0·465 | 0·525 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 18·5 (3·9) | 18·5 (4·1) | 18·2 (3·9) | 18·7 (4·3) | 0·383 | 0·524 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 10·1 (10·0) | 11·1 (8·6) | 10·1 (8·7)* | 12·5 (7·9) | 0·988 | 0·064 |
| Follow-up in Childhood | ||||||
| Age (year) | 15·8 (2·3) | 15·8 (2·4) | 16·1 (2·3) | 15·9 (2·5) | 0·282 | 0·560 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22·4 (4·7) | 22·1 (4·9) | 22·9 (5·3) | 23·8 (6·0) | 0·341 | <0·001 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 11·0 (6·2) | 11·6 (7·4) | 11·4 (7·5)** | 14·5 (11·3) | 0·556 | <0·001 |
| Adulthood | ||||||
| Age (year) | 31·7 (7·2)* | 30·4 (7·6) | 29·3 (7·8) | 29·5 (7·3) | 0·002 | 0·157 |
| Follow-up yearsb | 15·9 (6·5)* | 14·6 (6·9) | 13·2 (7·2) | 13·6 (7·0) | <0·001 | 0·084 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29·1 (6·4)* | 27·6 (7·8) | 28·6 (7·0)** | 31·2 (8·8) | 0·457 | <0·001 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 12·5 (9·8) | 11·4 (7·4) | 12·3 (9·5)* | 15·0 (10·0) | 0·851 | <0·001 |
| WC (cm) | 98·0 (17·3)** | 85·5 (18·2) | 91·8 (18·0) | 92·6 (19·4) | 0·001 | <0·001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)c | 115·9 (10·5)** | 107·4 (9·3) | 121·2 (16·1)** | 111·4 (12·0) | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)c | 78·2 (8·4)** | 72·9 (7·9) | 78·7 (13·1)** | 73·8 (9·9) | 0·693 | 0·213 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL)c | 41·5 (10·2)** | 48·6 (12·5) | 51·5 (16·2) | 51·5 (13·1) | <0·001 | 0·011 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)c | 145·7 (110·4)** | 110·8 (63·4) | 107·0 (79·1)** | 79·2 (36·2) | 0·001 | <0·001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL)c | 85·3 (10·6)** | 81·5 (9·5) | 89·0 (27·5)* | 83·8 (17·9) | 0·063 | 0·055 |
| MetS, n (%) | 61 (24·8) | 69 (19·0) | 25 (20·0) | 33 (15·4) | 0·366 | 0·328 |
| IFG, n (%) | 17 (7·1) | 13 (3·7) | 8 (6·9) | 9 (4·4) | 1·000 | 0·833 |
| T2DM, n (%) | 6 (2·6) | 10 (2·9) | 9 (7·7) | 11 (5·4) | 0·056 | 0·206 |
Continuous variables are presents as means (SD).
BMI = body mass index; WC = Waist circumference; BP = blood pressure; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS = metabolic syndrome; IFG = impaired fasting glucose; T2DM = type 2 diabetes.
aP-values for race difference in continuous metabolic variables adjusted for age.
bFollow-up period from the time point of the last childhood survey.
cIndividuals who took medications were excluded.
Gender difference within race: *p < 0·05; **p < 0·01.