Table 2. Cross-lagged path coefficients of BMI and insulin in total, whites/blacks, MetS/non-MetS, and hyperglycemia/normoglycemia groups.

	Path Coefficients					Goodness-of-fit
	Insulin → BMI		BMI → Insulin		p-valuea
	β1	p	β2	p		RMR	CFI
Total (n = 948)	−0·023	0·207	0·326	<0·001	<0·001	0·062	0·904
Whites (n = 609)	−0·033	0·136	0·298	<0·001	<0·001	0·064	0·895
Blacks (n = 339)	−0·010	0·754	0·374	<0·001	<0·001	0·056	0·921
p-valueb	0·735		0·207
Non-MetS (n = 760)	−0·007	0·750	0·190	<0·001	<0·001	0·061	0·908
MetS (n = 188)	−0·109	0·004	0·510	<0·001	<0·001	0·060	0·903
p-valuec	0·212		<0·001
Normoglycemia (n = 865)	−0·027	0·167	0·285	<0·001	<0·001	0·065	0·896
IFG (n = 47)	−0·034	0·566	0·526	<0·001	0·004	0·018	0·998
T2DM (n = 36)	−0·019	0·847	0·567	<0·001	0·007	0·062	0·889
Hyperglycemia (n = 83)	−0·032	0·565	0·503	<0·001	<0·001	0·047	0·943
p-valued	0·964		0·059
p-valuee	0·964		0·048
p-valuef	0·966		0·026

BMI = body mass index; MetS = metabolic syndrome; IFG = impaired fasting glucose; T2DM = type 2 diabetes; RMR = Root mean square residual; CFI = Comparative fit index.

All β₁ and β₂ values were estimated by adjustment for age, gender, race and follow-up years.

^aP-value for difference between β₁ and β_2.

^bP-value for difference in β₁ and β₂ between whites and blacks.

^cP-value for difference in β₁ and β₂ between MetS and non-MetS groups.

^dP-value for difference in β₁ and β₂ between IFG and normoglycemia groups.

^eP-value for difference in β₁ and β₂ between T2DM and normoglycemia groups.

^fP-value for difference in β₁ and β₂ between hyperglycemia and normoglycemia groups.