Table 1.
Demographics, health status and exercise characteristics of volunteers
| Men (n = 11) | Women (n = 9) | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||
| Age (yr) | 81.0 ± 1.2 | 81.6 ± 2.7 |
| Height (cm) | 174 ± 5.2 | 159 ± 6.7 |
| Weight (kg) | 75.8 ± 6.6 | 55.5 ± 6.6 |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 1.6 | 21.8 ± 1.9 |
| Lean body mass (kg) | 57.2 ± 4.7 | 37.8 ± 5.2 |
| Health status | ||
| Physical activity (hrs/week) | 8.5 ± 8.0 | 5.8 ± 5.9 |
| ≥ 5 times/week ≥30 min exercise (%) | 73 | 56 |
| Blood pressure | ||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 140 ± 18 | 146 ± 17 |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 81 ± 11 | 82 ± 10 |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 64 ± 20 | 63 ± 14 |
| Gait speed (km/h) | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 0.7 |
| Grip strength (kg) | 41 ± 8.0 | 25 ± 4.5 |
| CMV seropositive | 6 (55%) | 7 (78%) |
| Use of prescribed medicine | ||
| Anti-hypertensive drugs | 2 (18%) | 3 (33%) |
| Statins | 2 (18%) | 1 (11%) |
| Analgesics | 3 (27%) | 0 (0%) |
| Anti-diabetics | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Othera | 2 (18%) | 1 (11%) |
| Pathology | ||
| Hypertension | 2 (18%) | 3 (33%) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 2 (18%) | 0 (0%) |
| Hypercholestorolemiab | 2 (18%) | 1 (11%) |
| Diabetes | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Cancer (not further differentiated) | 2 (18%) | 1 (11%) |
| Othera | 1 (9%) | 2 (22%) |
| Exercise characteristics | ||
| Exercise duration per day (hh:mm) | 7:28 ± 1:10 | 8:07 ± 0:52 |
| Speed (km/h) | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 3.7 ± 0.1 |
| Average heart rate day 1 (bpm) | 99.5 ± 11.9 | 113.6 ± 14.3 |
| Peak heart rate day 1 (bpm) | 112.5 ± 13.1 | 125.0 ± 14.1 |
| Exercise intensity day 1 (% of age-adjusted max. heart rate) | 65.7 ± 7.7 | 75.4 ± 9.6 |
| Fluid balance | ||
| Fluid intake (L)c | 1.88 ± 0.8 | 1.98 ± 0.8 |
| Change in body mass (absolute kg)c | -0.80 ± 0.9 | -0.19 ± 0.6 |
| Change in body mass (relative %)c | -1.04 ± 1.1 | -0.38 ± 1.0 |
| Change in plasma volume (relative %)d | +3.1 ± 3.2 | +4.5 ± 3.5 |
aVolunteers who were diagnosed and treated for cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, allergy and glaucoma. bHypercholesterolemia is defined as total cholesterol levels of >6.5 mmol, as previously diagnosed by a physician. cDaily fluid intake and changes in body mass during walking. dChanges in plasma volume during walking estimated according to Dill and Costill [27]. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation