Table 3.

Effect of pharmacological induction of ROS and subsequent effect on autophagy on melanoma models

Modulator	Model system	Effect on ROS	Effect on autophagy	Outcome	Conclusion of ROS-autophagy relationship	Ref
PFT-μ + NVP-AUY922	Melanoma cells & xenograft model	Induction	Inhibition	Apoptosis; decreased tumor growth	ER stress, ROS induction and autophagy inhibition	[43]
Graveoline	Melanoma cells	Induction	Induction	Apoptosis	ROS generation upstream of autophagy	[76]
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) + temozolomide (TMZ)	Metastatic melanoma patients	TMZ induce ROS	Inhibition	Stabilized disease and response	Therapeutic potential of combination compared to TMZ alone	[85]
Polygonatum cyrtonema lectin (PCL)	Melanocytes Melanoma cells	Induction	Induction	Apoptosis	Glutathione depletion, mitochondrial ROS and induction of autophagy	[96]
Cisplatin	Human melanoma cells	Induction	Inhibition	Apoptosis	ROS generation and inhibition of Beclin1/LC3B-mediated autophagic response	[97]
Physalin A	Melanoma cells	Induction	Induction	Apoptosis	ROS generation, autophagy induction	[98]
Fisetin	Melanoma cells	Induction	Transient induction	Apoptosis	ER stress and ROS generation, autophagy induction	[99]
Usnea barbata	B16 mouse melanoma	Induction	Induction	Apoptosis	Oxidative stress induces autophagosomes and apoptosis	[100]