Table 3. Multivariate associations with surgical approach between minimally invasive (laparoscopic or robotic) and open surgery.

	Odds of robotic versus open (OR, 95 % CI)	Odds of laparoscopic versus open (OR, 95 % CI)	p value
Insurance
Private versus not insured	2.167 (0.663, 7.087)	1.637 (1.178, 2.275)	<0.001
Medicaid versus not insured	1.116 (0.241, 5.175)	1.399 (0.938, 2.085)
Medicare versus not insured	1.793 (0.550, 5.848)	1.263 (0.908, 1.756)
Other versus not insured	1.361 (0.133, 13.920)	2.231 (1.200, 4.149)
Income
$30,000–34,999 versus $30,000	1.765 (0.932, 3.344)	1.112 (0.915, 1.351)	0.009
$35,000–45,999 versus <$30,000	1.783 (0.980, 3.242)	1.140 (0.954, 1.362)
>46,000 versus <$30.000	2.301 (1.305, 4.057)	1.292 (1.090, 1.532)
Facility type
Comprehensive versus community	3.960 (1.439, 10.895)	1.167 (0.972, 1.401)	<0.001
Academic versus community	8.569 (3.109, 23.615)	1.286 (1.060, 1.560)
Size
No tumor versus >5 cm	11.104 (0.000, I)	16700.73 (0.000, 1.78E148)	<0.001
<1 versus >5 cm	1.779 (0.946, 3.342)	2.282 (1.853, 2.811)
1–2 versus >5 cm	1.683 (0.963, 2.939)	1.878 (1.534, 2.299)
2–3 versus >5 cm	1.911 (1.136, 3.215)	1.329 (1.079, 1.637)
3–4 versus >5 cm	2.386 (1.440, 3.952)	1.474 (1.190, 1.825)
4–5 versus >5 cm	1.571 (0.887, 2.784)	1.289 (1.021, 1.628)
Histology
Neuroendocrine versus adenocarcinoma	0.539 (0.216, 1.343)	1.462 (1.231, 1.736)	<0.001
Other versus adenocarcinoma	1.209 (0.423, 3.453)	0.471 (0.321, 0.692)