Table 2.
Longitudinal studies on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and development of obesity in adulthood
| First author, year | Country | Samples (follow-up) | Mean BMI/WC | Obesity measures | Measures | Prevalence of ACE (N or %) | Variables predicted OB | Results |
| Bennett, 2010 | USA |
N = 185 (103 ♀) Age = 6.1 |
N/R | LM BMI BMI ≥ 30 BMI ≥ 95th % |
Mother interview CTSPSC Child Protective Service allegation |
CN = 91 CPA = 12 |
BMI – in CN | |
| Bentley, 2009 | USA |
N = 807 (426 ♀) OB in ACE = 294 CG = 303 Age (T2) = 41 |
CPA = 31.9 CSA = 30.7 CN = 29.7 |
LM BMI SR BMI (n = 180) BMI ≥ 30 |
Official records | CPA = 68 CSA = 54 CN = 335 |
OB = CPA | |
| Boynton-Jarrett, 2012 | USA | N = 33298 ♀ OB = 14418 Age = 49 (21–69) |
No ACE = 30 CPA/CSA = 31 CPA + CSA = 32 |
SR BMI and WC OB = BMI ≥ 30 OB = WC ≥ 35 inch |
CTS PAAS |
CPA/CSA = 3513 CPA + CSA = 804 |
Δ BMI = CPA/CSA Δ BMI = CPA + CSA Δ WC = CPA/CSA |
|
| Fuemmeler, 2009 | USA |
N = 15197 OB = 1778 (905 ♀) Age = 22.0 |
N/R | SR BMI BMI ≥ 30 BMI ≥ 35 |
Survey | CSA in ♀ OB = 4.4% CPA in ♀ OB = 16.2% CN in ♀ OB = 5.3% CSA in ♂ OB = 6.9% CPA in ♂ OB = 13.8% CN in ♂ OB = 6.3% |
CSA + in ♂ OB CSA + in ♂ OW |
|
| Greenfield, 2009 | USA |
N = 1650 (891 ♀) OB = 478 Age = 56.6 |
N/R | SR BMI BMI ≥ 30 |
Items from modified version of CTS | Rarely CPA or CEA = 18% Frequently CPA or CEA = 6% Frequently CPA & rarely CEA = 12% Frequently CPA + CEA = 22% |
OB = frequently CPA + CEA | |
| Johnson, 2002 | USA |
N = 782 (385 ♀) OB = 93 Age = 22 |
N/R | SR BMI | Official records Parental Interview Neglect Scale |
CN in OB = 21% | OB = CN | OB + in CN |
| Lissau, 1994 | Denmark |
N = 756 OB = 38 Age = 19–20 |
N/R | LM BMI (T1) SR BMI (T2) BMI > 95th % BMI > 30 |
Teachers and parents questionnaire | CN in OB = 18% | OB = CN | |
| Midei, 2010 | USA |
N = 311 ♀ OB = 109 Age = 45.7 |
28.6 (87.6 cm) | LM BMI & WC BMI ≥ 30 |
CTQ | Tot ACE = 36.0% CEA = 19.6% CPA = 16.7% CSA = 14.1% CEN = 6.4% CPN = 14.8% |
Δ BMI + in ACE Δ BMI + in CSA Δ BMI + in CPA Δ WC + in ACE Δ WC + in CSA |
|
| Noll, 2007 | USA |
N = 173 ♀ OB in CSA = 35 OB in CG = 25 Age = 6–27 |
N/R | LM BMI BMI ≥ 30 |
Substantiated abuse through child Protective Services | CSA = 84 | OB = CSA | Δ BMI + in CSA OB + in CSA |
| Power, 2015 | UK |
N = 17638 OB = 2101 (952 ♀) Age = 45 |
♂ = 28.1 ♀ = 26.8 |
LM BMI SR BMI OB = BMI > 95th % PATH OB = BMI ≥ 30 |
Interview of parents |
CPA in ♀ = 6.14% CEA in ♀ = 11.7% CSA in ♀ = 2.71% CN in ♀ = 18.5% CPA in ♀ = 5.95% CEA in ♀ = 8.29% CSA in ♀ = 0.48% CN in ♀ = 21.8% |
♂ OB = CPA ♀ OB = CPA, CSA Δ BMI + in ♂ = CPA CN Δ BMI + in ♀ = CPA, CSA, CN |
|
| Shin, 2011 | USA |
N = 8471 Age = 28.3 |
29.0 | SR BMI | CASI Interview | CPA = 11% CSA = 1% CN = 22% |
Δ BMI = CN | |
| Sweeting, 2005 | Scotland |
N = 2127 (1043 ♀) OB = 139 (77 ♀) Age = 15 |
♀ = 24.2 ♂ = 25.6 |
LM BMI BMI > 95th % |
2 items on B | B in ♀ at 11 years = 21.8% B in ♂ at 11 years = 29.8% B in ♀ at 15 years = 12.4% B in ♂ at 15 years = 9.9% |
OB at 11 years = B Δ BMI = B |
|
| Thomas, 2008 | UK |
N = 9310 (4658 ♀) OB = 2227 (1104 ♀) Age = 45 |
♀ = 27.5 ♂ = 26.5 |
LM BMI & WC BMI ≥ 30 WC in ♂ ≥ 102 cm WC in ♀ ≥ 88 cm |
PBI ACEs Study ACE-reports of social workers Parents and teachers interview |
CEA = 1420 CPA = 558 CSA = 147 CN = 1425 PP = 705 DV = 557 CF = 366 |
Δ BMI = CEA, CPA Δ WC = CN, PP, DV, CF |
|
| Vámosi, 2011 | Denmark |
N = 236 (159 ♀) ♀ Age = 41.4 ♂ Age = 40.4 |
♀ = 29.5 ♂ = 28.8 |
SR BMI OB = BMI ≥ 30 |
CECA.Q | Maternal CN = 50 Paternal CN = 105 Maternal antipathy = 37 Paternal antipathy = 41 |
OB at age 40 = Maternal CN OB at age 40 = Maternal antipathy |
|
| Williamson, 2002 | USA |
N = 13177 (6720 ♀) OB = 3294 M-OB = 1014 Age = 55.7 |
27.4 | LM BMI BMI ≥ 30 BMI ≥ 40 |
ACEs study survey | Any ACE = 1318 CEA = 6238 CPA = 2710 CSA = 2860 |
OB/M-OB = Any ACE, 4 ACE M-OB = CEA, CPA |
Index: CECA.Q = The Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire; CTQ = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; CTS = Conflict Tactic Scale; CTSPSC = Parent–Child Conflict Tactics Scales; PAAS = Pregnancy Abuse Assessment Scale; PATH = Personality and Total Health Through Life Project; PBI = Parental Bonding Inventory; ACE = Adverse Childhood Experiences; CSA = Childhood Sexual Abuse; CPA = Childhood Physical Abuse; CN = Childhood Neglect; CEN = Childhood Emotional Neglect; CPN = Childhood Physical Neglect; CEA = Childhood Emotional Abuse; PP = Physical Punishment; DV = Domestic violence against mother; B = Bullyed/rejected; M-OB = Morbid obese; OB = Obese; OB/PSY = Obese with psychiatric disorders; BMI = Body Mass Index (kg/m2); SR BMI = Self-reported BMI; LM BMI = Laboratory measure of BMI; WC = Waist Circumference (cm).