Table 4.

Studies on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and development of BED in adulthood

First author, year	Country/Study design	Samples	Mean BMI	Obesity measures	Measures	ACE in BED	Variables predicted OB/BED	Results
Allison, 2007	USA CC	N = 271 (204 ♀) BED = 176 (139 ♀) NES = 57 (41 ♀) OB = 38 (24 ♀) Age of BED = 44.9	BED = 35.6	LM BMI	CTQ EDE SCID-I/P	Tot ACE = 82% CEA = 54% CPA = 31% CSA = 29% CEN = 69% CPN = 50%		Tot ACE + in BED/NES CEA + in BED/NES CN + in BED No differences in BMI
Becker, 2011	USA CS	N = 137 ♀ BED Age = 43.9	35.7	LM BMI OB = BMI ≥ 30	CTQ SCID-I/P EDE	CEA = 71 CPA = 38 CSA = 42 CN = 156	OB onset = CPA
Dalle Grave, 1997	Italy CC	N = 64 ♀ OB BED = 29 OB = 35 Age = 36.4	N = 35.7 BED = 35.0 OB = 36.3	LM BMI OB = BMI > 30	Clinical Standardized Interview for Trauma Semistructured Interview for BED diagnosis	ACE in OB = 26% ACE in OB/BED = 41.3%		ACE + in OB-BED
Gabert, 2013	Canada CS	N = 500 M-OB (441 ♀) BED = 148 Age = 43.7	47.9	LM BMI M-OB = BMI ≥ 35	Interview about CSA	CSA in ♀ = 23.6% CSA in ♂ = 8.5%		BED + in CSA CSA = non CSA in BMI
Grilo, 2001	USA CC	BED = 145 (111 ♀) OB/BED = 105 NS = 1125 ♀ Age BED = 43.6	BED = 37.9	LM BMI OB = BMI ≥ 30	CTQ SCID-I EDE-Q CPA = 35.8% QEWP-R	Any ACE = 82.8% CEA = 59.3% CPA = 35.8% CSA = 30.3% CEN = 69% CPN = 48.6%		OB/BED = BED in any ACE BED > NS in Any ACE
Grilo, 2002	USA CC	BED = 116 (90 ♀) NS = 1125 ♀ Age BED = 44.2 Age NS = 42			CTQ SCID-I	Any ACE = 81.9% CEA = 52.6% CPA = 31.9% CSA = 25.9% CEN = 67.2% CPN = 49.6%		BED > NS in Any ACE
Knoph Berg, 2011	Norway CS	N = 45644 ♀ BED = 931 Age = 29.9		SR BMI	2 questions about CPA 2 questions about CSA Diagnostic algorithms based on DSM-IV for BED At least 1 binge per week	CPA in BED = 23.6% CSA in BED = 24.0%	BED = CSA, CPA
Mitchell, 2012	USA CS	N = 5692 (3310 ♀) BED = 105 (75 ♀) Age ♂ = 43.2 Age ♀ = 44.0			CIDI	Any ACE = 90.3% Any Int-ACE = 63.7% R = 19.5% CSA = 34.8% CPA = 13.71% DV = 30.8% Stalking = 33.8%		Any ACE + in BED Any Int-ACE + in BED CSA + in BED R + in ♂ BED CPA + in BED DV + in BED Stalking + in BED
Pike, 2006	USA CC	BED = 162 ♀ (101 OB) CG = 162 ♀ (32 OB) PC = 107 ♀ (23 OB) Age BED = 30.8 Age CG = 30.0 Age PC = 20.5	BED = 34.6 NC = 25.6 PC = 25.9	LM BMI OB = BMI ≥ 30	RFI SCID-IV Abbreviated version of EDE	CSA = 8.6% CPA = 16.7% NC = 42.9%	BED = > 3 ACE	CSA + in BED CPA + in BED NC + in BED
Striegel-Moore, 2002	USA CC	BED = 162 ♀ CG = 251 ♀ Age BED = 30 Age CG = 30			Oxford assessment	CSA = 56.7% CPA = 65% B = 46.7%		CSA + in BED CPA + in BED B + in BED

Index: EDE = Eating Disorder Examination; CTQ = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; SCID-I/P = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders Patient edition; SCID-I = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders; SCID-IV = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Disorders; ACE = Adverse Childhood Experiences; CSA = Childhood Sexual Abuse; CPA = Childhood Physical Abuse; CN = Childhood Neglect; CEA = Childhood Emotional Abuse; DV = Domestic violence; B = Bullied/rejected; R = rape; NC = Negative comments in family about shape and weight; BED = Binge Eating Disorder; BEB = Binge Eating Behaviors; M-OB = Morbid obese; OB = Obese; BMI = Body Mass Index (kg/m²); SR BMI = Self-reported BMI; LM BMI = Laboratory measure of BMI; WC = Waist Circumference (cm); QEWP-R = Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised; CIDI = World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) for DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnosis; RFI = Oxford Risk Factor Interview.