Table VI.
IQ, years of schooling, and income at 30 years, according to nutritional status in childhood
| IQ (points) | Years of schooling | Monthly income (R$) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95% CI) | Adjusted regression coefficient (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Adjusted regression coefficient (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Adjusted regression coefficient (95% CI) | |
| Weight-for-age z-score at 2 years | P < .001* | P < .001* | P < .001* | P < .001* | P < .001* | P = .003* |
| ≤−2 | 88.1(85.7to90.5) | Reference(0) | 7.6(6.8to8.4) | Reference(0) | 624(500to748) | Reference(0) |
| −1.99to−1 | 92.3(91.1to93.6) | 2.33(−0.14to4.80) | 9.5(9.1to9.9) | 1.28(0.51to2.05) | 1055(925to1185) | 226(−147to599) |
| −0.99to1 | 98.0(97.5to98.6) | 4.29(1.99to6.59) | 11.3(11.2to11.5) | 1.92(1.20to2.64) | 1482(1410to1554) | 258(−89to605) |
| >1 | 102.8(101.9to103.7) | 5.70(3.21to8.18) | 13.0(12.7to13.3) | 2.50(1.72to3.27) | 1929(1767to2090) | 349(−26to724) |
| Height-for-age z-score at 2 years | P < .001* | P < .001* | P < .001* | P < .001* | P < .001* | P = .67† |
| ≤−2 | 90.6(89.4to91.8) | Reference(0) | 8.8(8.4to9.2) | Reference(0) | 1022(900to1143) | Reference(0) |
| −1.99to−1 | 95.4(94.6to96.3) | 2.22(0.96to3.48) | 10.4(10.1to10.7) | 0.80(0.40to1.20) | 1258(1158to1357) | −41(−235to153) |
| −0.99to1 | 100.0(99.5to100.6) | 3.83(2.62to5.05) | 12.0(11.8to12.2) | 1.43(1.04to1.81) | 1624(1537to1710) | −14(−202to173) |
| >1 | 105.2(103.9to106.5) | 4.77(2.93to6.62) | 13.8(13.4to14.2) | 1.80(1.22to2.38) | 2208(1928to2489) | 112(−173to397) |
| Weight-for-age z-score at 4 years | P < .001* | P < .001* | P < .001* | P < .001* | P < .001* | P = .005* |
| ≤−2 | 86.1(83.2to89.0) | Reference(0) | 7.7(6.8to8.6) | Reference(0) | 697(526to868) | Reference(0) |
| −1.99to−1 | 93.3(92.1to94.4) | 4.53(1.70to7.36) | 9.8(9.5to10.2) | 1.33(0.44to2.21) | 977(867to1087) | 9(−407to425) |
| −0.99to1 | 98.0(97.5to98.5) | 5.91(3.20to8.63) | 11.3(11.2to11.5) | 1.68(0.83to2.53) | 1506(1435to1578) | 213(−186to613) |
| >1 | 103.6(102.6to104.6) | 7.97(5.07to10.87) | 13.3(12.9to13.6) | 2.43(1.52to3.34) | 1968(1783to2153) | 328(−100to757) |
| Height-for-age z-score at 4 years | P < .001* | P < .001* | P < .001* | P < .001* | P < .001* | P = .04* |
| ≤−2 | 90.7(89.3to92.0) | Reference(0) | 8.8(8.4to9.3) | Reference(0) | 866(756to975) | Reference(0) |
| −1.99to−1 | 94.8(94.0to95.7) | 1.85(0.45to3.25) | 10.2(9.9to10.5) | 0.67(0.23to1.10) | 1259(1158to1362) | 152(−53to358) |
| −0.99to1 | 100.0(99.4to100.5) | 3.71(2.35to5.07) | 12.1(11.9to12.3) | 1.33(0.91to1.76) | 1638(1553to1722) | 192(−7to391) |
| >1 | 105.0(103.6to106.4) | 5.33(3.32to7.33) | 13.7(13.2to14.1) | 1.74(1.12to2.37) | 2122(1839to2405) | 316(19to613) |
Adjusted for family income at birth, parental years of schooling, household assets index, maternal skin color, maternal smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding duration, and birthweight.
*
P value for linear trend.
†
P value for heterogeneity.