Table 3.
Adjusted model mean self-reported outcome measures by intervention condition among employees and managers. Confidence intervals presented in parentheses. Change is defined as 12-month outcome minus baseline outcome. Reported p-values denote statistical test of parallel lines (i.e. intervention group by time interaction).
| Employees | Managers | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (baseline n=723) | Usual Practice (baseline n=799) | Intervention (baseline n=88) | Usual Practice (baseline n=96) | |
| WFC (1-5)a | p=0.541 | p=0.385 | ||
| Baseline | 2.9 (2.8, 2.9) | 2.8 (2.7, 2.8) | 3.0 (2.7, 3.3) | 2.5 (2.2, 2.9) |
| 6 months | 2.9 (2.8, 2.9) | 2.7 (2.6, 2.8) | 2.9 (2.6, 3.2) | 2.6 (2.2, 2.9) |
| 12 months | 2.8 (2.7, 2.9) | 2.7 (2.6, 2.7) | 2.8 (2.5, 3.1) | 2.5 (2.1, 2.8) |
| Change | +0.0 (−0.1, 0.0) | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.0) | −0.2 (−0.4, 0.0) | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) |
| Sleep Insufficiency (1-5)b | p=0.906 | p=0.636 | ||
| Baseline | 3.0 (2.9, 3.0) | 3.0 (2.9, 3.0) | 3.3 (3.0, 3.5) | 3.4 (3.1, 3.7) |
| 6 months | 3.0 (2.9, 3.1) | 3.0 (2.9, 3.1) | 3.4 (3.1, 3.7) | 3.5 (3.2, 3.8) |
| 12 months | 3.0 (2.9, 3.1) | 3.0 (3.0, 3.1) | 3.3 (3.0, 3.6) | 3.5 (3.2, 3.8) |
| Change | +0.1 (0.0, 0.1) | +0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | +0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | +0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) |
| Insomnia Symptoms (1-4)c | p=0.569 | p=0.362 | ||
| Baseline | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 3.3 (3.2, 3.3) | 3.4 (3.1, 3.6) | 3.5 (3.2, 3.8) |
| 6 months | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 3.2 (3.0, 3.5) | 3.4 (3.1, 3.7) |
| 12 months | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 3.4 (3.1, 3.6) | 3.4 (3.1, 3.7) |
| Change | +0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | −0.1 (−0.1, 0.0) | +0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | −0.2 (−0.3, 0.0) |
| Sleep Quality (1-4)d | p=0.644 | p=0.343 | ||
| Baseline | 2.3 (2.3, 2.4) | 2.4 (2.3, 2.4) | 2.2 (2.0, 2.4) | 2.2 (1.9, 2.4) |
| 6 months | 2.2 (2.2, 2.3) | 2.2 (2.2, 2.3) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.3) | 2.1 (1.9, 2.3) |
| 12 months | 2.2 (2.1, 2.3) | 2.2 (2.2, 2.3) | 2.2 (2.0, 2.4) | 2.1 (1.9, 2.3) |
| Change | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) | −0.1 (−0.2, −0.1) | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.1) |
Note: Adjusted means were estimated using linear mixed model for all outcome measures. For count outcomes, change from baseline to 12-months is reported as a rate ratio. For employee analyses, all models adjusted for total hours worked per week. For manager analyses, all models adjusted for education level. Bolded statistics denote statistically significant change from baseline to 12-month within groups.
For WFC usual practice baseline n = 797; WFC is uses a five-item subscale rated on a scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) with higher scores indicating higher WFC.
Sleep insufficiency is the single item ‘How often during the past 4 weeks did you get enough sleep to feel rested upon waking up?’ and is rated from 1 (never) to 5 (very often) with lower scores indicating higher levels of sleep insufficiency.
Insomnia symptoms is the single item ‘During the past 4 weeks, how often did you wake up in the middle of the night or early morning?’ with answers ranging from 1 (never) to 4 (three or more times a week) with higher scores indicating higher levels of insomnia symptoms.
Sleep quality is the single item ‘Over the past 4 weeks, how would you rate your sleep quality overall?’ with answers ranging from 1 (very good) to 4 (very bad) with higher scores indicating worse sleep quality.