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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Feb 23.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2017 Feb;81(2):287–297. doi: 10.1002/ana.24877

Figure 1. Outcomes of the natural history of pure autonomic failure.

Figure 1

Arrows describe subject flow through the natural history study. Endpoint outcomes are listed on the left. 74 patients met eligibility criteria and agreed to follow-up longitudinal evaluations. At the time of writing, follow-up data of 1-year or more was available in 96% of patients (n=71). The first year saw 39 of patients continue with autonomic failure as the only clinical feature, and 12-patients convert to full synucleinopathy. By year two (n=45), only 39 remained with pure autonomic failure and 6 patients converted to a full synucleinopathy. By year 3 (n=31), Only 27 remained with pure autonomic failure and another 4 converted to a Lewy body disorder. In year 4 (n=15), 11 remain as pure autonomic failure Lost to follow-up rates in participants that agreed to longitudinal visits range from 1 to 3 patients/year. This 4-year prospective study suggests a >10% cumulative risk of conversion to full synucleinopathy per year. DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; PD, Parkinson disease; PAF, pure autonomic failure.