Table 1.
Drug use patterns among HIV-positive male and female patients accessing HIV care in Japan (n = 963)
| Characteristic | Total n (%) | Male | Female | p – value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 918 (95.3%) | 45 (4.7%) | |||
| Age (median, IQR) | 42 (37–50) | 42 (37–50) | 41 (35–48) | 0.4491 |
| Calendar year of HIV diagnosis | <0.0012 | |||
| 1984–2005 | 337 (35.0%) | 309 (33.7%) | 28 (62.2%) | |
| 2006–2009 | 302 (31.4%) | 293 (31.9%) | 9 (20.0%) | |
| 2010–2013 | 324 (33.6%) | 316 (34.4%) | 8 (17.8%) | |
| Currently receiving ART | 911 (94.6%) | 870 (94.8%) | 41 (91.1%) | 0.2893 |
| Annual income | 0.0444 | |||
| < 1 million Yena | 272 (28.3%) | 253 (27.5%) | 19 (42.2%) | |
| 1–2.99 million Yena | 242 (25.1%) | 231 (25.2%) | 11 (24.4%) | |
| 3–4.99 million Yena | 243 (25.2%) | 231 (25.2%) | 12 (26.7%) | |
| ≥ 5 million Yena | 206 (21.4%) | 203 (22.1%) | 3 (6.7%) | |
| Quasi-legal psychoactive substance useb | ||||
| Ever | 510 (53.0%) | 508 (55.3%) | 2 (4.4%) | |
| In the previous year | 117 (12.2%) | 117 (12.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Tryptamine-type derivatives (i.e., 5-MeO-DPT or Foxy) use | ||||
| Ever | 255 (26.5%) | 255 (27.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| In the previous year | 4 (0.4%) | 4 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Cannabis use | ||||
| Ever | 91 (9.5%) | 88 (9.6%) | 3 (6.7%) | |
| In the previous year | 4 (0.4%) | 4 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Methamphetamine/amphetamine use | ||||
| Ever | 110 (11.4%) | 109 (11.9%) | 1 (2.2%) | |
| In the previous year | 23 (2.4%) | 23 (2.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| MDMA use | ||||
| Ever | 58 (6.0%) | 58 (6.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| In the previous year | 4 (0.4%) | 4 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Heroin use | ||||
| Ever | 5 (0.5%) | 5 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| In the previous year | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Cocaine use | ||||
| Ever | 22 (2.3%) | 22 (2.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| In the previous year | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Use of any drugs listed above | ||||
| Ever | 522 (54.2%) | 517 (56.3%) | 5 (11.1%) | |
| In the previous year | 127 (13.2%) | 127 (13.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
IQR interquartile range
1 P-value was derived from the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
2Chi-square value = 15.475, df = 2
3Chi-square value = 1.125, df = 1
4Chi-square value = 8.098, df = 3
aUS$1.00 ≈ 100 Yen. “<1 million Yen” includes those without any income
bIncludes variations of synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenethylamine and thiophene derivatives, and amyl nitrites (e.g., rush, poppers). At the time of surveying, the possession or consumption of these substances was not prohibited