Table 2.
Bivariate analyses of factors predicting past year quasi-legal psychoactive substance use among HIV-positive males accessing HIV care in Japan (n = 895)
| Characteristic | Quasi-legal psychoactive substance use in the previous year | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p - value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes 115 (12.9%) | No 780 (87.1%) | |||
| Age | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 39 (33–44) | 43 (37–52) | ||
| Per year older | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | <0.001 | ||
| Education | ||||
| < Secondary education | 1 (0.9%) | 21 (2.7%) | 0.32 (0.07–1.53) | 0.153 |
| ≥ Secondary education | 114 (99.1%) | 759 (97.3%) | ref | |
| Currently living alone | ||||
| Yes | 61 (53.0%) | 344 (44.1%) | 1.43 (1.04–1.97) | 0.028 |
| No | 54 (47.0%) | 436 (55.9%) | ref | |
| Annual income | ||||
| < 1 million Yena | 28 (24.4%) | 210 (26.9%) | 0.76 (0.54–1.09) | 0.444 |
| 1–2.99 million Yena | 29 (25.2%) | 196 (25.1%) | 0.85 (0.52–1.39) | 0.995 |
| 3–4.99 million Yena | 28 (24.3%) | 202 (25.9%) | 0.80 (0.63–1.01) | 0.518 |
| ≥ 5 million Yena | 30 (26.1%) | 171 (22.1%) | ref | |
| ART use | ||||
| Currently on ART | 106 (92.2%) | 741 (95.0%) | 0.62 (0.29–1.31) | 0.210 |
| Never on ART | 9 (7.8%) | 39 (5.0%) | ref | |
| Ever had AIDS | ||||
| Yes | 32 (27.8%) | 236 (30.3%) | 0.89 (0.55–1.43) | 0.625 |
| No | 83 (72.2%) | 544 (69.7%) | ref | |
| Perceived route of HIV exposure | ||||
| Male-to-male sexual behaviour | 111 (96.5%) | 647 (82.9%) | 5.70 (3.29–9.88) | <0.001 |
| Other | 4 (3.5%) | 133 (17.1%) | ref | |
| Engagement in HIV-related peer support groups in the previous year | ||||
| Yes | 9 (7.8%) | 46 (5.9%) | 1.36 (0.67–2.72) | 0.394 |
| No | 106 (92.2%) | 734 (94.1%) | ref | |
| Kessler psychological distress scale (K6) | ||||
| Score of ≥ 13 | 13 (11.3%) | 99 (12.7%) | 0.88 (0.48–1.61) | 0.672 |
| Score of < 13 | 102 (88.7%) | 681 (87.3%) | ref | |
| Ever used tryptamine-type derivatives (5-MeO-DPT or Foxy) | ||||
| Yes | 65 (56.5%) | 187 (24.0%) | 4.12 (2.90–5.86) | <0.001 |
| No | 50 (43.5%) | 593 (76.0%) | ref | |
| Ever used cannabis | ||||
| Yes | 25 (21.7%) | 62 (8.0%) | 3.22 (1.79–5.78) | <0.001 |
| No | 90 (78.3%) | 718 (92.0%) | ref | |
| Ever used methamphetamine/amphetamine | ||||
| Yes | 41 (35.7%) | 68 (8.7%) | 5.80 (3.79–8.88) | <0.001 |
| No | 74 (64.3%) | 712 (91.3%) | ref | |
| Ever used MDMA | ||||
| Yes | 19 (16.5%) | 39 (5.0%) | 3.76 (2.41–5.87) | <0.001 |
| No | 96 (83.5%) | 741 (95.0%) | ref | |
| Ever used heroin or cocaine | ||||
| Yes | 8 (7.0%) | 15 (1.9%) | 3.81 (1.62–9.01) | 0.002 |
| No | 107 (93.0%) | 765 (98.1%) | ref | |
IQR: interquartile range. ART: antiretroviral therapy
aUS$1.00 ≈ 100 Yen. “<1 million Yen” includes those without any income