Table 2.

Neuropeptides and CRP in healthy individuals

Reference	Participants	Study design	Interventions	Controls	Follow up	Outcomes	Findings
Oken et al. (2010) [21]	31 Dementia caregivers	RCT (pilot)	MM (N = 10) 6 weeks + common first-week session	Education (N = 11) 6 weeks + common first-week session Respite (N = 10) 7 weeks respite care	No	IL-6, TNF-α, HS-CRP, salivary cortisol	There were no pre- and post-intervention differences in the levels of HS-CRP between the different intervention conditions (p > 0.05).
Creswell et al. (2012) [35]	40 ≥ 55y	RCT (small)	MBSR (N = 20) 8 weeks	Wait-list Control (N = 20)	No	IL-6, CRP, pro-inflammatory gene expression	Compared to the control group, a decrease in log-transformed CRP between pre- and post-intervention (p = 0.08).
Gallegos et al. (2013) [36]	200 ≥ 65y	RCT	MBSR (N = 100) 8 weeks	Wait-list Control (N = 100)	24 weeks	IL-6, IGF-1, IgM and IgG antibody response	There were positive effects of MBSR activities between IGF-1 levels and yoga, and sitting meditation (p < 0.01).
Johnson et al. (2014) [22]	281 Marine infantries	NRCT	MT (N = 147) 8 weeks	Usual training (N = 134)	No	plasma neuropeptide Y (NPY), norepinephrine	There were no significant pre- and post-intervention differences in plasma concentrations of NPY between MT intervention and the control group. The MT intervention group had lower plasma concentrations of NPY than the control group after the stressful training (p < 0.01).

Abbreviations: HS-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1, IgG immunoglobulin G, IgM immunoglobulin M, IL interleukin, MBSR mindfulness-based stress reduction, MM Mindfulness meditation intervention, MT Mindfulness Training, Open open trial with a pre-post trial, RCT randomized controlled trial, NRCT non-randomized controlled trial, TNF-α tumour necrosis factor alpha