Table 4.
Quality of included studies
| Study | Trial qualitya | Intervention quality |
|---|---|---|
| Oken et al. (2010) [21] | AS (+) AC (+) PK (+) IO (?) |
Manual (+) Training (+) Integrity check (?) |
| Barrett et al. (2012) [33] | AS (+) AC (+) PK (-) IO (+) |
Manual (+) Training (+) Integrity check (?) |
| Creswell et al. (2012) [35] | AS (+) AC (+) PK (-) IO (+) |
Manual (+) Training (+) Integrity check (?) |
| Gallegos et al. (2013) [36] | AS (+) AC (+) PK (-) IO (+) |
Manual (+) Training (?) Integrity check (?) |
| Rosenkranz et al. (2013) [37] | AS (+) AC (+) PK (+) IO (?) |
Manual (+) Training (+) Integrity check (?) |
| Hayney et al. (2014) [34] | AS (+) AC (+) PK (+) IO (?) |
Manual (+) Training (+) Integrity check (?) |
| Johnson et al. (2014) [22] | AS (+) AC (+) PK (-) IO (+) |
Manual (+) Training (?) Integrity check (?) |
| Carlson et al. (2003) [31] | AS (-) AC (-) PK (-) IO (+) |
Manual (+) Training (?) Integrity check (?) |
| Carlson et al. (2007) [32] | AS (-) AC (-) PK (-) IO (+) |
Manual (+) Training (?) Integrity check (?) |
| Witek-Janusek et al. (2008) [38] | AS (-) AC (-) PK (-) IO (?) |
Manual (+) Training (+) Integrity check (?) |
| Lengacher et al. (2012) [39] | AS (-) AC (-) PK (-) IO (?) |
Manual (+) Training (+) Integrity check (?) |
| Lengacher et al. (2013) [40] | AS (+) AC (+) PK (-) IO (?) |
Manual (+) Training (+) Integrity check (?) |
| Bower et al. (2015) [23] | AS (+) AC (+) PK (?) IO (-) |
Manual (+) Training (?) Integrity check (?) |
AS adequate generation of allocation sequence, AC concealment of allocation, PK prevention of knowledge of the allocated intervention, IO dealing with incomplete outcome data
aRisk of bias: low (+), high (–), or unclear (?) [24]