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. 2017 Feb 24;15:49. doi: 10.1186/s12967-017-1153-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Combination therapy using hypoxic preconditioning and apelin. Hypoxic preconditioning and ischemic conditions upregulate the APJ receptor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Preconditioned PBMNCs receive exogenous apelin, leading to the secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB. Exogenous apelin induces upregulation of PDGF receptor-β in ischemic VSMCs. Subsequently, VSMCs are activated to mature newly formed vessels in ischemic tissue