Table 1.
Patient characteristics at baseline
| All | Higher risk | Lower risk | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 66.2 (63.5‐70.5) | 70.2 (67.1‐74.7) | 63 (61.4‐64.6) |
| Female | 806 (60.9%) | 42 (21.2%) | 170 (85.9%) |
| Current smoker | 51 (3.9%) | 3 (1.5%) | 28 (14.1%) |
| Past smoker | 541 (40.9%) | 87 (43.9%) | 88 (44.4%) |
| Coffee | 1187 (89.7%) | 173 (87.4%) | 194 (98%) |
| Hypertension | 348 (26.3%) | 59 (29.8%) | 75 (37.9%) |
| NSAID use | 83 (6.3%) | 6 (3%) | 19 (9.6%) |
| CCB use | 155 (11.7%) | 30 (15.2%) | 25 (12.6%) |
| Alcohol | 1143 (86.4%) | 179 (90.4%) | 177 (89.4%) |
| 1st degree relative | 208 (15.7%) | 74 (37.4%) | 1 (0.5%) |
| Constipation | 215 (16.3%) | 73 (36.9%) | 1 (0.5%) |
| Head injury | 327 (24.7%) | 86 (43.4%) | 11 (5.6%) |
| Beta blocker use | 103 (7.8%) | 30 (15.2%) | 15 (7.6%) |
| Depression/anxietya | 159 (12%) | 37 (18.7%) | 9 (4.5%) |
| Erectile dysfunction | 180 (34.8%) | 132 (84.6%) | 0 (0%) |
NSAID, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; CCB, calcium channel blockers.
a
Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale score ≥ 11 (moderate); higher and lower risk are defined by the 15th and 85th centiles of risk scores, respectively.