Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all randomized Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes
| n | DIAMOND | JADE | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number randomized | 1728 | 1858 | |||
| Demographics | |||||
| Mean ± sd age, years | 1728 | 56.8 ± 11.7 | 1858 | 56.1 ± 11.6 | 0.096 |
| Gender: men, n (%) | 1728 | 941 (54.5) | 1858 | 1011 (54.4) | 0.98 |
| Median (IQR) disease duration, years | 1705 | 5.0 (1.0, 10.0) | 1809 | 5.0 (1.0, 10.0) | 0.725 |
| Education, n (%) | 1724 | 1849 | 0.001 | ||
| < 6 years | 168 (9.7) | 132 (7.1) | |||
| 6–11 years | 415 (24.0) | 424 (22.8) | |||
| > 11 years | 1140 (66.0) | 1291 (69.5) | |||
| Unemployed, n (%) | 1724 | 1103 (64.0) | 1850 | 1153 (62.3) | 0.306 |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | 1712 | 1827 | 0.998 | ||
| Never | 1123 (65.6) | 1202 (65.8) | |||
| Former | 206 (12.0) | 208 (11.4) | |||
| Current | 383 (22.4) | 417 (22.8) | |||
| Alcohol use, n (%) | 1718 | 1830 | 0.773 | ||
| Never | 1187 (69.1) | 1269 (69.3) | |||
| Physical activity ≥ 3 times/week, n (%) | 1717 | 867 (50.5) | 1849 | 991 (53.6) | 0.064 |
| SMBG ≥ weekly, n (%) | 1576 | 677 (43.0) | 1713 | 780 (45.5) | 0.137 |
| Adherence to balanced diet, n (%) | 1719 | 1091 (63.5) | 1852 | 1205 (65.1) | 0.156 |
| Median (IQR) follow‐up, months | 1728 | 12.5 (5.28) | 1858 | 12.5 (3.98) | 0.449 |
| Complications and comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Retinopathy | 1681 | 228 (13.6) | 1808 | 241 (13.3) | 0.84 |
| Sensory neuropathy | 1722 | 143 (8.3) | 1852 | 113 (6.1) | 0.011 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 1646 | 37 (2.2) | 1789 | 37 (2.1) | 0.717 |
| All heart events including heart failure, n (%) | 1726 | 164 (9.5) | 1845 | 155 (8.4) | 0.221 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 1720 | 54 (3.1) | 1850 | 42 (2.3) | 0.109 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 1556 | 164 (10.5) | 1688 | 122 (7.3) | 0.001 |
| Risk categories, n (%) | 0.483 | ||||
| Low: 1/2 | 1727 | 220 (12.7) | 1855 | 251 (13.5) | |
| High: 3/4 | 1727 | 1507 (87.3) | 1855 | 1604 (86.5) | |
| Treatments, n (%) | |||||
| Lifestyle modification only | 1728 | 385 (22.3) | 1858 | 388 (20.9) | 0.309 |
| On oral antidiabetic drug | 1728 | 1214 (70.3) | 1858 | 1321 (71.1) | 0.579 |
| Insulin | 1728 | 452 (26.2) | 1858 | 512 (27.6) | 0.345 |
| Any BP drugs | 1728 | 390 (22.6) | 1858 | 420 (22.6) | 0.98 |
| Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors | 1728 | 33 (1.9) | 1858 | 34 (1.8) | 0.86 |
| Angiotensin II receptor type 1 receptor blocker | 1728 | 207 (12.0) | 1858 | 220 (11.8) | 0.898 |
| Statins | 1728 | 544 (31.5) | 1858 | 597 (32.1) | 0.676 |
| Risk factor control | |||||
| Mean ± sd body weight, kg | 1715 | 69.52 ± 12.67 | 1845 | 69.57 ± 12.62 | 0.911 |
| Mean ± sd waist circumference, cm | |||||
| Women | 682 | 87.15 ± 9.97 | 713 | 85.96 ± 10.19 | 0.028 |
| Men | 800 | 91.46 ± 9.68 | 815 | 91.81 ± 9.48 | 0.47 |
| Mean ± sd BMI (kg/m2) | 1715 | 25.32 ± 3.62 | 1845 | 25.18 ± 3.58 | 0.246 |
| Mean ± sd diastolic BP (mmHg) | 1694 | 78.4 ± 10.4 | 1824 | 78.8 ± 11.0 | 0.243 |
| Mean ± sd systolic BP (mmHg) | 1694 | 125.8 ± 15.8 | 1824 | 125.0 ± 15.7 | 0.131 |
| Mean ± sd total cholesterol, mmol/l | 1653 | 4.95 ± 1.31 | 1785 | 4.91 ± 1.16 | 0.47 |
| Mean ± sd HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | |||||
| Women | 751 | 1.26 ± 0.31 | 799 | 1.29 ± 0.34 | 0.06 |
| Men | 891 | 1.1 ± 0.28 | 960 | 1.12 ± 0.27 | 0.108 |
| Mean ± sd LDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1644 | 2.94 ± 0.89 | 1768 | 2.92 ± 0.88 | 0.446 |
| Mean ± sd haemoglobin, g/dl | 1446 | 14.49 ± 7.44 | 2545 | 14.31 ± 5.77 | 0.443 |
| Mean ± sd HbA1c, % (mmol/mol) | 1648 | 7.91 (53) ± 2.08 (15) | 1788 | 7.78 (59) ± 1.95 (15) | 0.057 |
| Median (IQR) triglyceride, mmol/l | 1654 | 1.54 (1.14) | 1788 | 1.48 (1.22) | 0.005 |
| Median (IQR) urine albumin to creatinine ratio, mg/mmol | 1506 | 1.20 (2.75) | 1606 | 1.25 (2.85) | 0.059 |
| Mean ± sd estimated GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 1646 | 122.2 ± 38.74 | 1789 | 122.63 ± 41.88 | 0.754 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 1539 | 1081 (70.2) | 1607 | 1114 (69.3) | 0.575 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 1669 | 1551 (92.9) | 1810 | 1668 (92.2) | 0.385 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1707 | 1275 (74.7) | 1835 | 1392 (75.9) | 0.421 |
| Macroalbuminuria, n (%) | 1506 | 75 (5.0) | 1606 | 89 (5.5) | 0.64 |
| Microalbuminuria, n (%) | 1506 | 330 (21.9) | 1606 | 385 (24.0) | 0.322 |
| Frequency of hypoglycaemic episodes ≥ once/month, n (%) | 1713 | 178 (10.4) | 1847 | 185 (10.0) | 0.712 |
| Attainment of treatment targets, n (%) | |||||
| HbA1c < 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) | 1648 | 692 (42.0) | 1788 | 811 (45.4) | 0.047 |
| BP < 130/80 (mmHg) | 1694 | 662 (39.1) | 1824 | 710 (38.9) | 0.926 |
| LDL cholesterol < 2.6 (mmol/l) | 1644 | 600 (36.5) | 1768 | 644 (36.4) | 0.966 |
| At least one target | 1595 | 1211 (75.9) | 1716 | 1300 (75.8) | 0.911 |
| At least two targets | 1595 | 555 (34.8) | 1716 | 624 (36.4) | 0.347 |
| All three targets | 1595 | 105 (6.6) | 1716 | 136 (7.9) | 0.137 |
| Quality of life | |||||
| Mean ± sd EQ‐VAS | 1715 | 83.01 ± 12.10 | 1830 | 82.83 ± 12.35 | 0.721 |
| Mean ± sd EQ‐5D index | 1708 | 0.91 ± 0.13 | 1817 | 0.91 ± 0.14 | 0.995 |
BP, blood pressure; DIAMOND, DIAbetes MONitoring Database; IQR, interquartile range; JADE, Joint Asia Diabetes Evaluation; SMBG, self‐monitoring of blood glucose; VAS, visual analogue scale.