Figure 4.

PD‐1 antibody treatment transiently increases select cytokine responses to lysates of premalignant oral lesion or HNSCC tongue tissues. Mice bearing 4NQO‐induced premalignant oral lesions were treated with either isotype control or PD‐1 antibodies. After 1, 3 and 5 weeks of treatment, sample mice were sacrificed. Their spleen cells were cultured with lysates of control normal tongue tissue or lysates of premalignant lesion or HNSCC tongue tissues. Shown are levels of cytokines secreted into the supernatants by spleen cells from 5 mice per group per time point, with spleen cells from each mouse being cultured individually and assayed for cytokine levels in duplicate (mean ± SEM). ✶=p < 0.05; ✶✶=p < 0.02; ✶✶✶=p < 0.01.