Table 1.
Common viral-bacterial coinfections and their associated clinical infections in human hosts
| Virus | Known Bacterial Coinfections | Associated Secondary Infections |
|---|---|---|
| Influenza |
S pneumoniae S aureus S pyogenes H influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Neisseria meningitidis |
Pneumonia Otitis media Sinusitis Meningitis |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | S pneumoniae | Pneumonia Bronchitis/bronchiolitis |
| Adenovirus |
S pneumoniae H influenzae M catarrhalis |
Pneumonia |
| Coronavirus | H influenzae | Pneumonia |
| Human rhinovirus |
S pneumoniae H influenzae S aureus M catarrhalis |
Pneumonia Sinusitis Otitis media |
| Parainfluenza virus |
S pneumoniae M catarrhalis |
Pneumonia |
| Human metapneumovirus | S pneumoniae | Pneumonia Bronchitis |
| Measles virus |
S pneumoniae S aureus H influenzae |
Otitis media Pneumonia Tracheobronchitis |