Table 3.

Effects of V. album on heart rate, left ventricular volume, and function in heart failure rats (mean±S.D.)

Parameters	Measurement time	Control, n=10	ISO, n=8	VA, n=8	P*
Heart rate	14th day	318±16	358±15c	353±10c	<0.0001
	Final day	315±9	358±15c	337±9c,d	<0.0001
	P#	=0.2640	=0.9650	=0.0020
LVEDV	14th day	203.8±19.5	232.0±11.7a	228.5±22.1	=0.0060
	Final day	203.7±17.0	253.8±30.0a	232.0±7.9b	<0.0001
	P#	=0.9730	=0.0380	=0.6960
LVESV	14th day	53.8±9.7	69.0±1.9a	68.5±5.4a	<0.0001
	Final day	54.2±6.3	109.3±11.6c	80.8±4.1c,e	<0.0001
	P#	=0.8430	<0.0001	<0.0001
LVFS	14th day	42.4±3.3	40.5±1.2	40.9±2.1	=0.2280
	Final day	43.3±2.9	30.6±1.8c	36.6±1.2c,e	<0.0001
	P#	=0.0650	<0.0001	<0.0001
LVEF	14th day	72.6±3.7	70.2±1.1	69.8±3.9	=0.1590
	Final day	73.3±3.1	56.7±2.6c	65.2±1.5c,e	<0.0001
	P#	=0.1120	<0.0001	=0.0140

ISO - isoproterenol group; LVEDV - left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF - left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV - left ventricular end-systolic volume; LVFS - left ventricular fractional shortening; VA - V. album treatment group.

^*P was calculated using one-way ANOVA;

^#P was calculated using paired sample t-test;

^aPosthoc: P<0.01 vs. control group;

^bPosthoc: P<0.001 vs. control group;

^cPosthoc: P<0.000 vs. control group;

^dPosthoc: P<0.05 vs. isoproterenol group;

^ePosthoc: P<0.000 vs. isoproterenol group