Figure 1.

Summary of searches and study selection.

Notes: This figure is a flowchart that presents the yield of the review’s literature retrieval process and the results of each stage of literature review, including title and abstract review, and full-text article review. A total of 2,875 records were retrieved through electronic database searches, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library, and 156 records from additional records identified through manual searches of reference lists. After removal of 884 duplicate records, a total of 2,147 titles and abstracts were screened, and 2,027 of these were excluded. Next, 120 full-text articles were reviewed for eligibility. Of these, 108 articles were excluded because of using a systematic review design with incompatible eligibility criteria, not being original research, ineligible population, ineligible interventions/tests, ineligible comparators, and ineligible outcomes. The final yield included in the systematic review was 12 studies reported in 12 papers. Of these, three studies provided data that could be quantitatively synthesized in meta-analyses.