Table 3.

Range of clinician-based observation tools used to evaluate the effect of music therapy interventions

Author	Group/individual	Design	Number of participants	Sex	Age, years	Observation measures
Finnigan and Starr65	Individual	Single case alternating treatment design	N = 1	F	3	Eye contact, turn taking, imitation
Kern and Aldridge41	Individual	Single system multiple baseline	N = 4	M = 4	3–5	Play/engagement and interaction with peers
Kern et al40	Individual	Single system withdrawal design	N = 2	M = 2	3	Independent and prompted responses
Kim et al21	Individual	Repeated measures within subject design	N = 10	M = 10	3–5	Instances of eye contact, as well as turn-taking frequency and duration
Kim et al37	Individual	Repeated measures within subject design	N = 10	M = 10	3–5	Motivational responsiveness and social responsiveness
LaGasse22	Group	Randomized controlled trial	N = 17; treatment (n = 9); control (n = 8)	F = 4; M = 13	6–9	Instances of joint attention, initiating, responding, and social eye gaze
Pasiali et al78	Individual	Case study	N = 3	F = 1; M = 2	7–9	Behaviors observed to be different for each child, based on needs
Vaiouli et al64	Individual	Single system multiple baseline design	N = 3	F = 1; M = 2	5–7	Focus on faces, response to joint attention, and initiation of joint attention

Abbreviations: F, female; M, male.