Table 1. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and corresponding mitochondrial DNA haplogroups for Verteba samples from partial mtDNA sequences obtained at Grand Valley State University (GVSU) for the coding (sequence ranges: 4153–4396, 6950–7051, 12217–12308) and HVR-I (sequence range: 15974–16407) regions and complete mitochondrial genome sequences obtained at Harvard Medical School (HMS, sequence range: 1–16569).

Nucleotide positions reported are changes relative to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) [16].

Specimen ID, radiocarbon age (2 σ)	Mitochondrial haplogroup	SNPs (GVSU)	Number of clones sequenced (GVSU)	SNPs (HMS)
V1.1.1, 3,700–3,500 cal BCE	U8b1a2	C7028T, A12308G, T16172C, C16259T, C16266T, T16311C	32	Not determined
V1.2, 3,700–3,500 cal BCE	H	rCRS	16	Not determined
V3.13.1, 3,700–3,500 cal BCE	HV	Not determined	0	A263G, A750G, A1438G, A2706G, A4769G, C7028T, C13347T, A15326G, T16311C
V3.14.1, 3,700–3,500 cal BCE	T2b	C7028T, T16126C, C16294T, C16296T, T16304C	33	A073G, A263G, G513A, G709A, A750G, G930A, A1438G, G1888A, A4769G, A4917G, G5147A, T6293C, C7028T, G8697A, A8860G, T10463C, A11084G, A11251G, G11719A, A11812G, G13368A, A14233G, C14766T, G14905A, A15326G, C15452A, A15607G, G15928A, T16126C, C16294T, C16296T, T16304C, T16519C
V3.15.1, 3,700–3,500 cal BCE	U8b1b	C7028T, A12308G, T16189C, C16234T, T16324C	42	Not determined
V3.16.1, 3,700–3,500 cal BCE	HV0	C7028T, T16298C	16	Not determined
V3.17.1, 3,700–3,500 cal BCE	H5a	rCRS	16	A263G, C456T, A750G, T3645C, A4769G, A8860G, T14978Y, A15326G, T16304C
M5, 3,600–2,900 cal BCE	H1b	T16189Y, T16356C	30	A093G, A263G, A750G, A1438G, G3010A, A3796G, A8860G, A15326G, T16189Y, T16356C, T16519C