Table 2.
Hazard Ratios of Mortality According to Intakes of RTECa
| RTEC Consumers |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonconsumers of RTEC | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p Trend | |
| RTEC (g/d) | 0.0 | 0.67 | 3.48 | 9.33 | 22.48 | |
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 7686 | 10,394 | 9965 | 9318 | 8704 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | 0.85 (0.82, 0.87) | 0.75 (0.72, 0.77) | 0.67 (0.65, 0.69) | <0.0001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) | 0.84 (0.82, 0.87) | 0.80 (0.77, 0.82) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.92, 0.97) | 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) | 0.88 (0.86, 0.91) | 0.85 (0.83, 0.88) | <0.0001 |
| CVD mortality | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 1960 | 2488 | 2492 | 2328 | 2015 | <0.0001 |
| Age adjusted | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.85, 0.96) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | 0.73 (0.68, 0.77) | 0.60 (0.56, 0.63) | <0.0001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) | 0.81 (0.76, 0.86) | 0.70 (0.66, 0.75) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.85,0.95) | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91) | 0.76 (0.71, 0.81) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mortality | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 113 | 79 | 100 | 75 | 50 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.70, 1.38) | 1.16 (0.84, 1.61) | 0.95 (0.68, 1.32) | 0.52 (0.36, 0.77) | <0.0001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.69, 1.37) | 1.20 (0.87, 1.67) | 1.01(0.72, 1.42) | 0.58 (0.39, 0.85) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.68, 1.36) | 1.22 (0.87, 1.69) | 1.14 (0.81, 1.61) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.03) | <0.05 |
| All cancer mortality | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 3043 | 4393 | 4105 | 3863 | 3639 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.95, 1.04) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.92) | 0.79 (0.75, 0.82) | 0.71 (0.68, 0.75) | <0.0001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.90 (0.86, 0.94) | 0.86 (0.82, 0.91) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.94, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.90 (0.86, 0.95) | <0.0001 |
| Digestive cancer mortality | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 721 | 1035 | 1037 | 982 | 895 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.04) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.93) | 0.73 (0.67, 0.81) | <0.0001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.99) | 0.81 (0.73, 0.89) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.10) | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.87 (0.79, 0.97) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory disease mortality | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 1114 | 1539 | 1343 | 1161 | 1026 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.79 (0.73, 0.85) | 0.64 (0.59, 0.70) | 0.55 (0.50, 0.60) | <0.0001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.98) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.94) | 0.74 (0.67, 0.82) | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.91 (0.83, 0.99) | 0.06 |
| Infectious disease | ||||||
| No. of deaths | 56 | 79 | 100 | 86 | 197 | |
| Age adjusted | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.78, 1.18) | 0.78 (0.63, 0.97) | 0.71 (0.57, 0.88) | 0.76 (0.62, 0.94) | <0.01 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | 0.81 (0.66, 1.01) | 0.77 (0.62, 0.96) | 0.86 (0.70, 1.07) | NS |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.79, 1.20) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) | 0.84 (0.68, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.21) | NS |
RTEC = ready-to-eat cereal, CVD = cardiovascular disease.
a
Multivariate model 1: adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, smoking dose, and time since quitting smoking. Multivariate model 2, adjusted for covariates in model 1 and race/ethnicity, education, marital status, self-rated health status, body mass index, physical activity, use of menopausal hormone therapy, and intake of alcohol, red meat, fruits, vegetables, and total energy.