Table 3.
Sociodemographic correlates of multiply imputed DSM-IV/CIDI attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in all WMH countries combined (n = 26,744)
| Childhood ADHD
|
Adult ADHD among childhood cases of …
|
Adult ADHD in the total sample
|
(n)a | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Threshold
|
Subthreshold
|
Threshold
|
Subthreshold
|
% | (SE) | ||||||
| % | (SE) | % | (SE) | % | (SE) | %b | (SE) | ||||
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Male | 2.7 | (0.2) | 4.3 | (0.2) | 57.5 | (4.9) | 42.0 | (4.4) | 3.4 | (0.3) | (11,491) |
| Female | 1.7 | (0.1) | 3.2 | (0.2) | 56.2 | (5.2) | 39.8 | (5.2) | 2.2 | (0.2) | (15,253) |
| χ2,b | 24.0* | 18.4* | 0.0 | 0.3 | 26.8* | ||||||
| Age | |||||||||||
| 18–24 | 2.4 | (0.2) | 4.3 | (0.3) | 60.9 | (6) | 43.5 | (5) | 3.3 | (0.4) | (6632) |
| 25–34 | 1.9 | (0.2) | 3.7 | (0.2) | 57.2 | (6) | 43.8 | (5.3) | 2.7 | (0.3) | (10,112) |
| 35–44 | 2.3 | (0.2) | 3.3 | (0.3) | 53.2 | (5.6) | 34.7 | (5.4) | 2.4 | (0.3) | (10,000) |
| χ2,b | 1.3 | 12.3* | 2.8 | 1.4 | 12.4* | ||||||
| Education | |||||||||||
| No education | 0.8 | (0.5) | 1.9 | (0.9) | 26.9 | (23.4) | 61.8 | (20.3) | 1.4 | (0.8) | (570) |
| Some primary | 2.3 | (0.4) | 4.1 | (0.6) | 75.2 | (8.2) | 47.1 | (8.2) | 3.6 | (0.6) | (1690) |
| Finished primary | 1.4 | (0.2) | 4.4 | (0.8) | 71.2 | (8.4) | 37.8 | (11.8) | 2.7 | (0.7) | (2137) |
| Some secondary | 2.5 | (0.3) | 3.7 | (0.4) | 54.5 | (8.3) | 35.5 | (5.6) | 2.6 | (0.4) | (5027) |
| Finished secondary | 2.3 | (0.2) | 3.9 | (0.3) | 58.0 | (5.9) | 44.0 | (5.2) | 3.1 | (0.3) | (8244) |
| Some college | 2.8 | (0.3) | 4.3 | (0.4) | 54.9 | (5.2) | 41.6 | (6.3) | 3.4 | (0.4) | (4662) |
| Finished college | 1.6 | (0.2) | 2.6 | (0.3) | 50.1 | (7.5) | 38.1 | (6.7) | 1.8 | (0.3) | (4414) |
| χ2,b | 21.1* | 16.1* | 1.6 | 0.4 | 16.1* | ||||||
| Employment status | |||||||||||
| Employed | 2.3 | (0.1) | 4.1 | (0.2) | 52.7 | (4.7) | 41.4 | (4.5) | 2.9 | (0.3) | (17,660) |
| Student | 1.7 | (0.3) | 2.5 | (0.4) | 74.1 | (9.2) | 41.2 | (8.9) | 2.3 | (0.4) | (1669) |
| Homemaker | 1.1 | (0.2) | 2.3 | (0.3) | 61.7 | (9.3) | 44.4 | (7.9) | 1.7 | (0.3) | (4020) |
| Retired | 3.2 | (2.2) | 1.2 | (0.8) | 52.0 | (16.2) | 39.8 | (29.4) | 2.2 | (1.5) | (78) |
| Unemployed | 2.9 | (0.4) | 4.3 | (0.5) | 68.1 | (7.5) | 37.4 | (8) | 3.6 | (0.6) | (3317) |
| χ2,b | 0.5 | 0.2 | 11.3* | 0.1 | 1.4 | ||||||
| Marital status | |||||||||||
| Married/cohabitating | 2.0 | (0.1) | 3.5 | (0.2) | 53.6 | (5.1) | 38.8 | (4.9) | 2.4 | (0.3) | (16,000) |
| Previously married | 4.2 | (0.5) | 4.2 | (0.8) | 54.8 | (7.4) | 43.8 | (11.8) | 4.1 | (0.8) | (1862) |
| Never married | 2.3 | (0.2) | 4.1 | (0.3) | 61.8 | (5.8) | 43.5 | (4.5) | 3.2 | (0.3) | (8882) |
| χ2,b | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 8.4* | ||||||
| Incomec | |||||||||||
| Low | 2.1 | (0.2) | 3.6 | (0.3) | 65.3 | (5.1) | 43.1 | (5.2) | 3.0 | (0.3) | (7528) |
| Low-average | 2.6 | (0.3) | 4.0 | (0.3) | 51.2 | (6.6) | 42.0 | (5.8) | 3.0 | (0.4) | (6263) |
| High-average | 2.4 | (0.2) | 3.8 | (0.4) | 58.0 | (5.8) | 37.3 | (5.6) | 2.8 | (0.4) | (6719) |
| High | 1.7 | (0.2) | 3.5 | (0.3) | 51.7 | (7.1) | 41.9 | (6) | 2.4 | (0.3) | (6234) |
| χ2,b | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.6 | ||||||
Based on multivariate logistic regression equations in which all predictors were included simultaneously. All models include dummy variable controls for surveys
Significant at the .05 level, two-sided design-based multiply imputed test
These are denominator n’s; that is, numbers of respondents in the total sample with the sociodemographic characteristic defined by the row heading
Each Chi-square test has one degree of freedom. Tests for age, education, and income are based on continuous versions of those predictors. The test for employment status compares employed to all others. The test for marital status compares married/cohabiting to all others
Income is defined as the ratio of pre-tax family income to number of household members. Households with ratios half the median within-survey value or lower were categorized as “low” income; those with ratios between half the median and the median were categorized as “low average”; those with ratios greater than the median up to three times the median as “high average”; and those greater than three times the median as “high”