Table 1.
Comparison of dependent versus independent groups
| Independent n = 118 | Dependent n = 159 | Effect size
|
p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohen’s d | Odds ratio | ||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age | 43.4 (7.6) | 44.4 (7.8) | .01 | .297 | |
| Gender (% male) | 73.7 % | 76.7 % | .96 | .567 | |
| Ethnicity (% white) | 47.5 % | 49.1 % | 1.46 | .792 | |
| Education | 12.8 (2.5) | 12.7 (2.5) | .04 | .951 | |
| Premorbid IQ estimate (WRAT-3) | 91.1 (16.2) | 90.0 (15.4) | .07 | .526 | |
| Disease characteristics | |||||
| AIDS | 61.0 % | 67.1 % | 1.28 | .298 | |
| Duration of HIV (years) | 9.4 (5.9) | 10.2 (6.6) | .13 | .351 | |
| On ART | 76.3 % | 74.8 % | 1.20 | .785 | |
| Nadir CD4 | 188.4 (171.2) | 185.2 (175.4) | .02 | .729 | |
| Current CD4 | 428.1 (237.6) | 464.9 (324.8) | .13 | .567 | |
| Plasma viral load | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.9 (1.3) | .24 | .384 | |
| Hepatitis C | 18.8 % | 21.7 % | .85 | .557 | |
| Psychiatric disability | |||||
| Beck Depression Inventory-II | 14.2 (9.3) | 18.1 (10.1) | .40 | <.001 | |
| Current major depression | 11.9 % | 24.1 % | 2.4 | .009 | |
| Current any substance use disorder | 1.7 % | 4.4 % | 2.7 | .189 | |
| Lifetime major depression | 47.5 % | 58.9 % | 1.6 | .060 | |
| Lifetime any substance use disorder | 68.6 % | 73.4 % | 1.3 | .386 | |
| Disability characteristics | |||||
| % Unemployed | 68.6 % | 82.4 % | 2.14 | .008 | |
| Severity of cognitive impairment (global deficit score) | .86 (.50) | .86 (.54) | 0.0 | .953 | |
| Cognitive domain T scores | |||||
| Speed of information processing | 45.3 (8.7) | 44.2 (7.5) | .14 | .271 | |
| Learning | 39.2 (6.9) | 38.8 (6.3) | .06 | .647 | |
| Delayed recall | 40.3 (7.3) | 40.8 (6.7) | .07 | .506 | |
| Executive function | 41.0 (7.7) | 41.5 (7.5) | .07 | .637 | |
| Verbal fluency | 45.7 (8.0) | 45.6 (8.4) | .01 | .858 | |
| Attention/working memory | 41.9 (7.3) | 42.3 (7.6) | .05 | .659 | |
| Complex motor skills | 42.0 (10.3) | 39.7 (9.7) | .23 | .064 | |
| Clinician ratings of functioning (Karnofsky) | 88.6 (9.9) | 82.0 (11.8) | .62 | <.001 | |
| Neuromedical examination | |||||
| Total no. of abnormal findings | 1.4 (1.7) | 2.2 (2.2) | .14 | .001 | |
| Sum of severity ratings | 2.0 (2.8) | 3.4 (3.8) | .42 | .002 | |
Note: Mean (SD) are represented for all continuous variables. Cohen’s d and odds ratios are used for continuous and categorical variables respectively. The dependent group included 159 participants in all comparisons, except where data were missing [i.e., AIDS (n = 158), plasma (n = 156), CD4 absolute (n = 157), hepatitis C (n = 152), major depression (n = 158), substance use disorders (n = 158), and complex motor skills domain (n = 158)]. The independent sample included 118 participants, except where data were missing [i.e., WRAT (n = 115), plasma (n = 117), CD4 absolute (n = 116), HCV (n = 117), and complex motor skills (n = 116)]
WRAT-3 Wide Range Achievement Test 3rd Edition, GDS global deficit score