Table 3.
Means, Standard Deviations, and Factor Loadings for Driving-Related Vision Items.
| Younger | Older | Factor | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
| During night driving do you have problems seeing because of oncoming headlights, even when they are properly dimmed? | 1.80 | 0.76 | 2.45 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.02 | 0.55 | −0.16 | 0.20 |
| During night driving, how much do headlights reflected in your rearview mirror bother you? | 1.97 | 0.66 | 2.24 | 0.78 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.70 | 0.04 | −0.03 |
| When driving in the city at night have you wished the street/highway lights would be turned on earlier in the evening? | 1.63 | 0.70 | 1.76 | 0.83 | 0.18 | 0.58 | 0.36 | −0.06 | −0.20 | 0.46 |
| How much difficulty do you have keeping your instrument panel in focus at night because it is just too dim? | 1.15 | 0.36 | 1.12 | 0.39 | −0.23 | 0.73 | 0.23 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.05 |
| Do you have difficulty seeing the taillights of other vehicles because they are not bright enough? | 1.35 | 0.62 | 1.49 | 0.58 | 0.44 | 0.64 | −0.06 | −0.02 | 0.17 | 0.03 |
| When lighting conditions are poor (such as at dusk), are you ever surprised by the sudden appearance of other vehicles or objects that were there, but you did not see them until the last moment? | 1.53 | 0.60 | 1.88 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.38 | −0.19 | −0.11 | 0.08 | 0.43 |
| During night driving do distant objects such as signs or license plates seem blurry or out-of-focus? | 1.88 | 0.82 | 2.45 | 0.79 | 0.73 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.14 | −0.05 | 0.02 |
| During night driving does your instrument panel seem blurry or out-of-focus, even though it is bright enough? | 1.25 | 0.49 | 1.31 | 0.65 | 0.26 | 0.71 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.08 | −0.23 |
| How much difficulty do you have ignoring or looking past dirt, haze, or rain drops on your windshield to see clearly objects that are beyond your car? | 1.60 | 0.63 | 1.69 | 0.58 | 0.22 | −0.06 | 0.77 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.02 |
| Do you eve fail to make a turn onto a street you want because you did not read the name on the street sign in time? | 2.40 | 0.93 | 2.45 | 0.65 | 0.50 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.19 | 0.45 |
| Do you ever have difficulty staying in your driving lane? | 1.45 | 0.68 | 1.35 | 0.52 | 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.23 | −0.35 | 0.60 | −0.21 |
| Do other vehicles seem to come into your peripheral vision unexpectedly when you are looking straight ahead? | 1.72 | 0.64 | 1.82 | 0.67 | 0.14 | 0.38 | −0.22 | 0.12 | 0.46 | 0.30 |
| Do you have difficulty judging your speed without looking at the speedometer? | 2.03 | 0.80 | 2.04 | 0.58 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.79 | 0.24 |
| When merging into traffic are you ever “surprising” by a vehicle that you did not notice until it was quite close to you? | 2.03 | 0.70 | 2.20 | 0.54 | 0.07 | −0.10 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.82 |
| Do most other vehicles seem to be going too quickly for you when you are driving? | 1.70 | 0.82 | 2.24 | 0.88 | 0.43 | 0.15 | 0.44 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.15 |
| Does the steering wheel or dashboard ever obstruct your vision when you are driving? | 1.23 | 0.48 | 1.12 | 0.39 | −0.10 | 0.19 | 0.78 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.11 |
| Do you have difficulties seeing due to the glare from your windshield when the sun is low in the sky? | 2.05 | 0.85 | 2.69 | 0.68 | 0.59 | −0.02 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.35 | 0.06 |
| Do you have problems seeing due to the headlight glare from oncoming vehicles at night? | 2.17 | 0.81 | 2.55 | 0.61 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.71 | 0.28 | 0.03 |
Note: All items were presented on a 4-point Likert scale where 1 = Never/None at all, 2 = Rarely/A little, 3 = Occasionally/Quite a bit, 4 = Frequently/A lot. Factor loadings ≥ |0.40| are shown in bold