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. 2016 Dec 20;133(3):463–483. doi: 10.1007/s00401-016-1658-6

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 4 — Forced alcohol exposure by repeated injection (2 g/kg; i.p.) has no anti-depressant effects on depression-like behavior in depressed mice, but non-specifically reduces anxiety. The error bars show the mean ± SEM. a Forced alcohol exposure has no effect on mice over-expressing acid sphingomyelinase (tgASM, n = 14–15/group) or wild type (WT, n = 12–13/group) mice in the novelty suppressed feeding test (p > 0.05). b Forced alcohol exposure enhances depression-like behavior in the forced swim test non-selectively in tgASM (t = −1.931, p = 0.031) as well as WT mice (t = −2.388, p = 0.012). c, d No effect of forced alcohol exposure in the open field test in tgASM as well as WT mice (p > 0.05) in first 5 min of testing (p > 0.05) was seen. e–g In the elevated plus maze test for anxiety, forced alcohol exposure reduced anxiety-like behavior non-selectively in tgASM as well as WT mice, which is shown by enhanced open arm time (tgASM: t = −2.277, p = 0.015; WT: t = −2.216, p = 0.018) and an increase in the number of open arm entries (tgASM: t = −2.521, p = 0.009; WT: t = −2.380, p = 0.012), but no significant effect on the latency to enter open arms (p > 0.05) was seen. h The ASM activity in plasma was enhanced in tgASM mice (n = 12–15/group) compared to WT (n = 13–14/group; t = −6.072, p < 0.001). Forced alcohol exposure had no effect on ASM activity in tgASM mice (p > 0.05) (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001)