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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiology. 2016 Jul;125(1):147–158. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001134

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Experimental paradigm. Adult male rats were outfitted with EEG/EMG electrodes and EEG/EMG was recorded for a 48-hour period prior to anesthesia induction for sleep scoring. Animals were then administered an induction dose of isoflurane, followed by a maintenance dose of 2% isoflurane in oxygen for 60 minutes. At the cessation of isoflurane, intravenous flumazenil (0.4 mg/kg) or an equivalent volume of saline was administered, and the animal was placed into the long-term EEG/EMG recording chamber. Emergence characteristics (EEG wake, eye blink, ambulation) were measured. EEG/EMG were recorded for at least 48 hours postoperatively for qEEG analysis and sleep scoring.