Table 3.

Linear and logistic regression analysis of the association of low muscle mass indexed by each metric with muscle strength and physical performance

Measure of low muscle mass	Difference [95% CI] in handgrip strength (kg) or gait speed (m/s)				OR [95% CI] for having low handgrip strength or slow gait speed†
	Unadjusted P		Adjusted#	P	Unadjusted	P	Adjusted#	P
Handgrip strength
Muscle/height2	−1.29 [−4.33, 1.75]	0.40	−2.72 [−5.08, −0.36]	0.02	2.45 [1.37, 4.36]	0.002	1.28 [0.63, 2.59]	0.49
Muscle/body weight (×100)	−2.78 [−4.66, −0.91]	0.004	0.45 [−1.17, 2.07]	0.59	2.46 [1.70, 3.57]	<0.001	0.93 [0.57, 1.51]	0.76
Muscle/BSA	−4.52 [−6.24, −2.80]*	<0.001	−3.24 [−4.83, −1.65]	<0.001	3.73 [2.61, 5.34]	<0.001	1.86 [1.15, 2.99]	0.01
Muscle/BMI	−6.84 [−8.66, −5.02]*	<0.001	−2.59 [−4.26, −0.93]	0.002	4.72 [3.23, 6.91]	<0.001	1.82 [1.13, 2.94]	0.01
Gait speed
Muscle/height2	−0.13 [−0.21, −0.05]	0.003	−0.08 [−0.16, 0.00]	0.05	1.63 [0.91, 2.89]	0.09	1.35 [0.69, 2.64]	0.37
Muscle/body weight (×100)	−0.17 [−0.22, −0.12]	<0.001	−0.09 [−0.15, −0.04]	0.001	3.15 [2.18, 4.54]	<0.001	2.21 [1.38, 3.53]	0.001
Muscle/BSA	−0.08 [−0.13, −0.03]	0.001	0.03 [−0.02, 0.08]	0.28	1.76 [1.25, 2.47]	0.001	0.97 [0.60, 1.54]	0.89
Muscle/BMI	−0.13 [−0.19, −0.08]	<0.001	−0.07 [−0.13, −0.02]	0.01	2.54 [1.76, 3.67]	<0.001	1.64 [1.003, 2.67]	0.048

CIs, confident intervals; OR, odds ratio

Reference group is low muscle mass group by each metric.

^* Significant difference between men and women (P < 0.05). Difference in handgrip strength was −7.93 [−9.93, −5.93] in men and −3.16 [−4.75, −1.58] kg in women for muscle/BSA. For muscle/BMI, difference in handgrip strength was −8.88 [−11.10, −6.65] and −3.94 [−5.51, −2.37] kg in men and women, respectively.

^# Adjusted for age, race, sex, and diabetes.

^† Low grip strength defined as <16 kg for women and <26 kg for men; low gait speed defined as ≤0.8 m/s.