Table 4.

Published clinical studies involving the use of mesenchymal stem cells for spinal arthrodesis procedures.

Arthrodesis level	MSCs source	Cell manipulation	Treatment	Patient's number (mean age)	Follow-up	Complications	Reference
Single level = 22 2 or more levels = 13	Right posterosuperior iliac crest	Fresh bone marrow	(i) Left side: autologous bone graft (ii) Right side: mixture of BCP and fresh autogenous bone marrow	35 (24 males, 11 females) Mean age = 59.2	Minimum 30 months	1 pseudoarthrosis	[60]
Single level = 14 2 levels = 23 3 levels = 4	Right and left iliac crest	Bone marrow concentrate (enriched using a cell separator)	(i) Decompression cases: locally harvested bone combined with autologous enriched MSCs/β-TCP (ii) Nondecompression cases: autologous enriched MSCs/β-TCP	41 (30 men, 11 women) Mean age = 44.0	Median 36.5 months	(i) 4 patients with transient exudation or moderate swelling in their wounds (ii) 2 pseudoarthrosis (iii) 1 patient with bursa synovialis (iv) 1 patient with progressive instability of the adjoined supra-vertebra	[20]
1 and 2 levels	Posterior iliac crest	Bone marrow concentrate	(i) Side 1: concentrated bone marrow associated with macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics graft and autologous bone (ii) Side 2: nonconcentrated bone marrow with ceramics graft and autologous bone	15 Mean age = 46.3	24 months	None	[61]
1, 2, or 3 levels	One iliac crest	Bone marrow concentrated	(i) Side 1: allograft plus autologous bone marrow concentrate (ii) Side 2: autologous iliac crest bone	25 (15 males and 10 females) Mean age = 45.6	24 months	None	[62]
Not specified	Posterior iliac crests	Bone marrow concentrate	(i) 40 patients: allograft chips alone (ii) 40 patients: spongious allograft chips mixed with bone marrow concentrate	80 (22 men, 58 females)	24 months	Two complications occurred in each of the two groups: hematoma with subsequent revision surgery and drainage during the first week postoperatively	[63]
Not specified	Single iliac crest	Bone marrow concentrate	31 patients: concentrated bone marrow aspirate with allograft and demineralized bone matrix	31 (9 men and 22 females) Mean age: 71.5	At least 12 months	(i) One seroma (ii) One pseudarthrosis (iii) Three reoperation for 3 patients for adjacent segment pathology	[64]
1 or 2 levels	Non applicable	Allograft cellular bone matrix containing native mesenchymal stem cells and osteoprogenitor cells	182 patients: allograft cellular bone matrix containing native mesenchymal stem cells and osteoprogenitor cells	182 (49% female, 51% male) Mean age: 51	24 months	(i) 1 durotomy (ii) 2 wound infections (iii) 2 incidences of new radiculopathy (iv) 1 incidence of hypotension (v) 1 incidence of hypertension (vi) 2 incidences of postoperative soft-tissue swelling	[65]