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. 2017 Jan 26;95(3):199–209G. doi: 10.2471/BLT.16.178822

Table 1. Background characteristics and sampling for the 47 low- and middle-income countries surveyed, by national hepatitis B vaccination schedule .

Vaccination schedulea and vaccine type Country WHO Region Country data
 DHS survey year Sample of children aged 12–60 months, no.f
Gavi
financingb 		Income
levelc 		Populationd HBsAg
prevalence, (%)e
Weeks 0, 4, 13
Monovalent Maldives SEAR No Upper-middle 332 575 N/A 2009 2 498
Weeks 0, 4, 26
Monovalent Republic of Moldova EUR No Lower-middle 3 573 024 7.4 2005 1 165
Weeks 0, 6, 14
Monovalent Nigeria AFR No Lower-middle 159 707 780 9.8 2013 20 799
Weeks 0, 6, 26
Monovalent Armenia EUR Yes Lower-middle 2 963 496 N/A 2010 1 114
Weeks 0, 9, 17
Monovalent Azerbaijan EUR Yes Upper-middle 9 094 718 2.8 2006 1 707
Monovalent Tajikistan EUR Yes Lower-middle 7 627 326 7.2 2012 3 797
Weeks 0, 9, 22
Monovalent Kyrgyzstan EUR Yes Lower-middle 5 334 223 10.3 2012 3 174
Weeks 0, 9, 26
Monovalent Albania EUR Yes Upper-middle 3 150 143 7.8 2008 1 303
Weeks 4, 8, 12
Tetravalent United Republic of Tanzania AFR Yes Low 44 973 330 7.2 2010 5 444
Pentavalent Uganda AFR Yes Low 33 987 213 9.2 2011 1 586
Weeks 6, 10, 14
Monovalent Bangladesh SEAR Yes Lower-middle 151 125 475 3.1 2011 6 400
Monovalent Cameroon AFR Yes Lower-middle 20 624 343 12.2 2011 3 803
Monovalent Gabon AFR No Upper-middle 1 556 222 11.5 2012 2 605
Monovalent Lesotho AFR Yes Lower-middle 2 010 586 N/A 2009 1 263
Monovalent Pakistan EMR Yes Lower-middle 173 149 306 2.8 2012 2 865
Monovalent Swaziland AFR No Lower-middle 1 193 148 19.0 2006 1 610
Monovalent Timor-Leste SEAR No Lower-middle 1 057 122 N/A 2009 7 168
Bivalent Benin AFR Yes Low 9 509 798 15.6 2011 6 571
Tetravalent Madagascar AFR Yes Low 21 079 532 4.6 2008 4 269
Tetravalent Mozambique AFR Yes Low 23 967 265 8.3 2011 7 412
Pentavalent Burundi AFR Yes Low 9 232 753 9.1 2010 2 625
Pentavalent Cambodiag WPR Yes Lower-middle 14 364 931 4.1 2014 3 487
Pentavalent Comoros AFR Yes Low 698 695 N/A 2012 2 100
Pentavalent Côte d’Ivoire AFR Yes Lower-middle 18 976 588 9.4 2011 2 383
Pentavalent Democratic Republic of the Congo AFR Yes Low 62 191 161 6.0 2013 6 462
Pentavalent Ghana AFR Yes Lower-middle 24 262 901 12.9 2014 2 103
Pentavalent Kenya AFR Yes Lower-middle 40 909 194 5.2 2008 3 965
Pentavalent Liberia AFR Yes Low 3 957 990 17.6 2013 2 469
Pentavalent Malawi AFR Yes Low 15 013 694 12.2 2010 3 945
Pentavalent Mali AFR Yes Low 13 985 961 13.1 2012 3 700
Pentavalent Namibia AFR No Upper-middle 2 178 967 8.6 2013 1 357
Pentavalent Niger AFR Yes Low 15 893 746 15.5 2012 2 282
Pentavalent Rwanda AFR Yes Low 10 836 732 6.7 2010 3 259
Pentavalent Senegal AFR Yes Low 12 950 564 11.1 2014 4 246
Pentavalent Sierra Leoneg AFR Yes Low 5 751 976 8.4 2013 3 606
Pentavalent Zambia AFR Yes Lower-middle 13 216 985 6.1 2013 9 562
Weeks 9, 13, 17
Monovalent Jordan EMR No Upper-middle 6 454 554 1.9 2012 5 380
Pentavalent Burkina Faso AFR Yes Low 15 540 284 12.1 2010 5 113
Pentavalent Congo AFR  Yes Lower-middle 4 111 715 11.0 2011 3 508
Weeks 9, 17, 26
Monovalent Egypt EMR No Lower-middle 78 075 705 1.7 2014 11 639
Monovalent Colombiag AMR No Upper-middle 46 444 798 2.3 2010 12 615
Pentavalent Bolivia (Plurinational State of) AMR No Lower-middle 10 156 601 0.4 2008 6 396
Pentavalent Dominican Republicg AMR No Upper-middle 10 016 797 4.1 2013 2 597
Pentavalent Guyana AMR Yes Upper-middle 753 362 N/A 2009 1 449
Pentavalent Honduras AMR No Lower-middle 7 503 875 N/A 2011 7 998
Pentavalent Perug AMR No Upper-middle 29 262 830 2.1 2012 7 513
Weeks 13, 17, 22
Pentavalent Zimbabwe AFR Yes Low 13 076 978 14.4 2010 3 331
Overall N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 161 836 962 N/A N/A 211 643

AFR: African Region; AMR: Region of the Americas; DHS: Demographic Health Survey; EMR: Eastern Mediterranean Region; EUR: European Region; Gavi: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; HBsAg: surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus; N/A: data not available or not applicable; SEAR: South-East Asia Region; WPR: Western Pacific Region; WHO: World Health Organization.

a Schedule is the target weeks after birth to administer the first, second and third doses of vaccine. Details of national immunization schedules were obtained from relevant annual joint World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) immunization reports and demographic and health surveys for each country. Vaccine types were: monovalent (hepatitis B); bivalent (hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b); tetravalent (hepatitis B and diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis); pentavalent (diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b).

b Gavi financing was recorded as “Yes” if the country received new and underused vaccine support for either monovalent or pentavalent vaccines (http://www.gavi.org/country/).

c Country income level was defined as per the World Bank.22

d Population estimates were obtained from the United Nations.23

e Data on HBsAg prevalence (general population aged 0–85 years) are the most recent global prevalence estimates from 1965–2014 obtained from Schweitzer et al.2

f Sample sizes (number of children aged 12‒60 months) are unweighted.

g Vaccination schedule in these countries includes a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine (monovalent), i.e. four doses in total.

Notes: We examined data quality for all children covered by the surveys. Vaccination dates were counted as invalid if day, month or year were missing, or if the date was implausible, e.g. before the date of birth of the child or after the date of mother’s interview or with erroneous dates (e.g. as year 9998). We only considered vaccination cards as available if seen by the interviewer. Excluded surveys: Ethiopia (non-standard date recording), Indonesia (date of birth not available), Morocco (only first dose reported), Nepal (non-standard date recording), Nicaragua (key missing variables, e.g. wealth index), Philippines (date of birth not available),and Turkey (date of birth not available). Countries that altered their national immunization schedules within 5 years of the survey were: Armenia (pentavalent introduced in 2009), Gabon (pentavalent introduced in 2010), Kyrgyzstan (pentavalent introduced in 2009) and Tajikistan (pentavalent introduced in 2008–09). Hence, we adopted the previous immunization schedule for these nations in our analysis. For Cambodia and Colombia, and the United Republic of Tanzania, data on multiple vaccine types (monovalent and combination) were reported. We based our estimates on monovalent vaccination in Colombia, pentavalent in Cambodia and tetravalent in the United Republic of Tanzania. The decision was based on schedules (vaccines) reported in the relevant annual UNICEF/WHO immunization reports and the available data sets.