Table 2.
Patient characteristics: total and by cognitive status at admission to cardiac rehabilitation
| Patient characteristics | Total (N = 496) | Normal cognitive function (N = 314) | Cognitive impairment (N = 182) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic parameters | ||||
| Age (years) | 54.5 ± 6.2 | 53.9 ± 6.5 | 55.5 ± 5.5 | 0.005 |
| Sex | 0.298 | |||
| Women | 100 (20.2) | 68 (21.7) | 32 (17.6) | |
| Men | 396 (79.8) | 246 (78.3) | 150 (82.4) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 5.1 | 28.6 ± 5.1 | 29.0 ± 5.2 | 0.361 |
| Living alone | 103 (20.8) | 59 (18.8) | 44 (24.2) | 0.169 |
| Graduation | <0.001 | |||
| Education < 10 years | 78 (15.7) | 24 (7.6) | 54 (29.7) | |
| Education 10 years | 324 (65.3) | 216 (68.8) | 108 (59.3) | |
| Higher education | 94 (19.0) | 74 (23.6) | 20 (11.0) | |
| Associate degree | 0.019 | |||
| No degree | 27 (5.4) | 13 (4.1) | 14 (7.7) | |
| Vocational education | 398 (80.2) | 247 (78.7) | 151 (83.0) | |
| University degree | 71 (14.3) | 54 (17.2) | 17 (9.3) | |
| Incapacity for work prior to ACS (months) | 1.5 ± 3.0 | 1.3 ± 2.9 | 1.8 ± 3.4 | 0.085 |
| Employed prior to ACS | 406 (81.9) | 267 (85.0) | 139 (76.4) | 0.021 |
| Heavy work | 104 (21.0) | 56 (17.8) | 48 (26.4) | <0.001 |
| ACS treatment | 0.497 | |||
| PCI | 335 (67.5) | 213 (67.8) | 122 (67.4) | |
| CABG | 140 (28.2) | 86 (27.4) | 54 (29.8) | |
| Conservative procedure | 20 (4.0) | 15 (4.8) | 5 (2.8) | |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Hypertension | 341 (68.8) | 219 (69.7) | 122 (67.0) | 0.547 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 109 (22.0) | 63 (20.1) | 46 (25.3) | 0.216 |
| Dyslipidemia | 319 (64.3) | 194 (61.8) | 125 (68.7) | 0.145 |
| Smoker/ex-smoker (<12 months) | 298 (60.1) | 178 (56.7) | 120 (65.9) | 0.046 |
| Number of risk factors | 2.2 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 0.039 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Mental disease | 54 (10.9) | 28 (8.9) | 26 (14.3) | 0.073 |
| COPD | 37 (7.5) | 18 (5.7) | 19 (10.4) | 0.075 |
| Stroke | 17 (3.4) | 11 (3.5) | 6 (3.3) | 1.000 |
| Functional parameters | ||||
| LVEF | 55.2 ± 7.8 | 55.5 ± 7.8 | 54.8 ± 8.0 | 0.365 |
| Reduced LVEF (<45%) | 78 (15.7) | 45 (14.3) | 33 (18.1) | 0.306 |
| 6-min walking distance (m) | 414.2 ± 88.8 | 421.3 ± 84.3 | 401.7 ± 95.2 | 0.021 |
| Exercise capacity (W)a | 108.4 ± 36.3 | 111.8 ± 34.9 | 102.5 ± 38.0 | 0.006 |
| Psychological screening (HADS) | ||||
| Depression | 5.3 ± 3.9 | 5.2 ± 4.0 | 5.6 ± 3.8 | 0.328 |
| Anxiety | 6.3 ± 4.1 | 6.4 ±4.0 | 6.4 ± 4.4 | 0.686 |
Notes: Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number of subjects (percentage). HADS scoring for each subscale (anxiety and depression) is as follows: 0–7 = normal, 8–10 = borderline abnormal (borderline case), and 11–21 = abnormal (case).
a
In exercise stress test electrocardiogram.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.