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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Feb 27.
Published in final edited form as: Obes Rev. 2016 Jun 8;17(9):795–809. doi: 10.1111/obr.12429

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Changes in adipocytes after surgery. After surgery the number of adipocytes stays the same but adiposity is decreased by a reduction in the lipid content/size of the individual cells. The amount of inflammatory immune cells residing within the adipose tissue also decreases. Individual adipocytes respond differently to lipolytic stimuli before and after surgery. In the obese state insulin is not able to suppress lipolysis causing leakage of FFA in the fed state and catecholamine stimulated lipolysis is hampered. Leptin secretion is high causing hyperleptinemia whereas adiponectin production is low. Also the adipocyte secretes pro-inflammatory adipokines such as MCP-1 and Il-6. After surgery the response towards lipolytic signals improves with insulin inhibiting FFA release and responsiveness towards catecholamines being restored. Leptin secretion decreases whereas adiponectin is upregulated. Proinflammatory adipokines are downregulated.