FIG 1.

CpG modulates the human and mouse response to parasite antigen in vitro. Draining lymph node cells (A) or PBMCs (B and C) from infected BALB/c mice (A and B) or human patients (C) were incubated with CpG 1826 (A and B) or CpG ODN 2006 (C) at the given concentrations and leishmanial antigen (pLAg) for 96 h. The modulation of the IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-13, or IL-17 cytokine response to pLAg is indicated. Data represent means and SEM of the fold change from the combined results from 3 independent experiments (A), PBMCs pooled from 5 infected mice (B), and PBMCs from 10 patients with acute cutaneous leishmaniasis (C). *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001 (compared to values for untreated cells).