Table 2.

Domains of shared patient characteristics and pathophysiology between cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and Alzheimer's disease

	AD	CVD/CBVD	Key reference citations
Patient characteristics
Age range	Yes	Yes	[2], [34], [35], [203]
Genetic risk factor	Yes	Yes	[23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [223], [224], [225]
Hypertension/hypotension	Yes	Yes	[34], [35], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], 63, [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [226]
High cholesterol	Yes	Yes	[36], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85]
Diabetes mellitus	Yes	Yes	[34], [35], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107], [108], [109], [226]
Obesity	Yes	Yes	[94], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118], [119]
Poor physical fitness	Yes	Yes	[122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131], [132], [133], [134], [135]
Smoking	Yes	Yes	[34], [35], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [141], [142], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168], [226]
History of depression	Yes	Yes	[171], [172], [173], [174], [175], [176], [177], [178], [179], [180], [181], [182]
Pathogens (e.g., fungal)	Yes	Yes	[183], [184]
Air pollution	Yes	Yes	[190], [191], [192], [193]
Pathophysiology
Reduced cerebral blood flow	Yes	Yes	[196], [227], [228], [229], [230], [231], [232], [233], [234], [235]
Aβ deposition	Yes	No	[198], [236], [237], [238], [239], [240], [241], [242], [243]
Morphological changes in vasculature	Yes	Yes	[48], [194], [195], [244], [245], [246], [247], [248], [249], [250], [251], [252]
Alterations in BBB permeability	Yes	Yes	[253], [254], [255], [256], [257], [258], [259], [260], [261], [262], [263], [264], [265]
Cholinergic neurodegeneration	Yes	Yes	[266], [267], [268], [269], [270], [271], [272], [273], [274], [275], [276], [277], [278], [279], [280], [281]

Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CBVD, cerebrovascular disease; BBB, blood–brain barrier.