Table 1. Characteristics of participants.

Characteristics	Early pregnancy (n = 188)	Late pregnancy (n = 169)
Number of weeks pregnant when filling in the FFQ (mean (range))	10.2 (5–15)	29.2 (26–35)
Maternal age, years (mean (SD))	36.6 (3.9)
Dietary intake estimated from DR (mean (SD))
Total energy, kcal/day	1643 (403)	1792 (337)
Total fatty acid, g/day	46.4 (17.2)	55.0 (16.0)
SFA, g/day	16.5 (6.7)	20.3 (6.8)
MUFA, g/day	19.4 (7.9)	22.9 (7.3)
PUFA, g/day	10.4 -(4.1)	11.7 (3.5)
Dietary intake estimated from FFQ (mean (SD))
Total energy, kcal/day	1744 (560)	1784 (600)
Total fatty acid, g/day	49.0 (21.1)	55.6 (25.2)
SFA, g/day	18.2 (9.2)	21.7 (12.4)
MUFA, g/day	19.3 (8.4)	21.7 (9.5)
PUFA, g/day	11.5 (4.9)	12.1 (4.7)
Serum phospholipid level, %
EPA (20:5n-3)	1.0 (0.6)	0.9 (0.7)
DHA (22:6n-3)	4.6 (0.9)	4.3 (1.0)
Nausea at time of filling in the FFQ (n, (%))	92 (78.6)	8 (8.7)
Parity (n, (%))
0	122 (64.9)
≥1	66 (35.1)
Education (n, (%))
Less than high school or high school diploma	13 (7.0)
Some college	53 (28.3)
College graduate or post-graduate	121 (64.7)
Household income (n, (%))
<4 million yen	12 (6.5)
4–8 million yen	60 (32.6)
>8 million yen	112 (60.9)
BMI prior to pregnancy (n, (%))
<18.5	42 (22.3)
18.5–25.0	137 (72.9)
≥25.0	9 (4.8)
Smoking status in pregnancy (n, (%))
Current	1 (0.5)	0 (0.0)
Alcohol intake in pregnancy (n, (%))
>once/week	9 (4.8)	5 (3.0)
Dietary supplement use at time of filling in the FFQ (n, (%))
Folic acid	139 (73.9)	71 (45.8)
Zinc	12 (6.4)	15 (9.7)
Long-chain n-3 fatty acids	3 (1.6)	8 (4.7)

BMI, body mass index; DHA, docosapentaenoic acids; DR, dietary records; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acids; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; MUFA, mono unsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, poly unsaturated fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids.

Data are presented as mean (range), mean (standard deviation), or number (%).