Table 1.

Basic terms pertaining to general self-perception.

Term	Related terms	Definition
Self	• Person • Personality • Identity • Character	What distinguishes oneself from others; all imaginable private and public aspects making up who a person is (Morin, 2006)—e.g., thoughts, emotions, goals, values, sensations, memories, traits, attitudes, physical attributes, appearance, behaviors, skills.
Self-perception	See all related terms within Table 1	Overall process of self-awareness, self-knowledge acquisition and self-concept formation; an awareness of the characteristics that constitute one’s self (Self-perception, 2016).
Self-variable	• Self-information • Self-representation • Self-schema • Self-knowledge • Self-characteristic	Any process, information or experience related to the self (Ritsner and Susser, 2004); any aspects of the self that can be apprehended through self-awareness (Morin, 2011).
Self-schema		Specific (organized) unit of self-information; small conclusion about the self; cognitive generalization about the self (Markus, 1977).
Self-relevance	Self-referential	Any information that refers to, is relevant to, the self (Shih et al., 2002).
Self-awareness	• Self-directed attention • Self-focus • Self-examination • Self-observation • Introspection • Meta-awareness • Self-consciousness • Self-reflection • Mindfulness	Capacity to become the object of one’s own attention; to focus one’s attention inward toward the self (Duval and Wicklund, 1972; Silvia and Duval, 2001); to actively identify, process, and store information about the self (Morin, 2011).
Self-consciousness	See self-awareness synonyms above	Consistent tendency (trait) to direct attention inward more or less often; also refers to self-awareness with a social evaluation component (Fenigstein et al., 1975).
Self-analysis	• Psychotherapy • Psychoanalysis	Systematic self-examination in a psychotherapeutic context, with a psychoanalytic connotation (Self-analysis, 2016).
Self-reflection	• Self-awareness • Self-consciousness • Self-observation • Mindfulness	Active cognitive act of examining the self; self-focus motivated by curiosity or epistemic interest in the self; intellectual self-attentiveness; healthy form of self-focus (Trapnell and Campbell, 1999; Takano and Tanno, 2009).
Self-rumination	Self-absorption	Negative, chronic, and persistent self-focus motivated by perceived threats, losses, or injustices to the self; neurotic self-attentiveness (see previous term for references).
Self-recognition	• Self-directed behavior • Mirror self-recognition • Mark/rouge test	Self-directed behaviors emitted in front of a mirror; correctly identifying the image of self as self (Gallup, 1968).
Self-knowledge		Organized set of accurate self-information; realistic self-concept; accurate introspection about one’s own self (Gibbons, 1983; Carlson, 2013; Wilson, 2009).