Table 2.

Non-self-terms associated with various key self-related terms.

Term	Related terms	Definition
Consciousness	• Awareness • Wakefulness	To focus attention outward toward the environment; opposite of unconsciousness (Natsoulas, 1996).
Metacognition	• Self-awareness • Meta-awareness • Decentering • Cognitive distancing • Mindfulness • Introspection	Being aware of one’s own thought processes (Bernstein et al., 2015).
Introspection	• Self-reflection • Self-awareness • Metacognition	The examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings (Schultz and Schultz, 2012).
Mindfulness	• Self-reflection • Mindedness	Non-evaluative, non-elaborative attention to one’s current experience (Carlson, 2013).
Autobiography	• Mental time travel • Autonoetic consciousness • Episodic memory	Recollection of one’s own past experiences (Conway, 2005).
Prospection	• Mental time travel • Autonoetic consciousness • Future oriented thinking • Episodic future thought • Simulation • Projection	Ability to simulate personal future episodes (Szpunar et al., 2016).
Death awareness		Knowledge that one will unavoidably die; presupposes self-awareness (Gallup, 1998).
Theory-of-Mind	• Inferring mental states • Mentalizing • Intentional stance	Thinking about others’ mental states (e.g., needs, thoughts, desires, emotions) (Frith and Frith, 2003).