Table 4.

Self-views (content and feelings about the self).

Term	Related terms	Definition
Self-concept	• Self-image • Self-definition	Global (although also situation-specific) perception/image of self; coherent, and organized set of self-information acquired through self-awareness and social feedback/comparison; who one thinks one is (L’Ecuyer, 1978; Marsh and Shavelson, 1985; Hornsey, 2008; Racy, 2015).
Self-esteem	• Self-worth • Self-feeling • Self-respect • Self-liking • Self-judgement	Global emotional evaluation of the self; positive or negative attitude toward the self (Rosenberg, 1965; Greenwald et al., 2002).
Self-efficacy	• Self-confidence • Self-assurance • Self-belief	Level of confidence of being able (or not) to perform a specific task successfully (Bandura, 1977; Alden, 1986).
Possible self	• Ideal self • Ought self • Future self	Self-concept in the future; one’s idea of what one might become, would like to become, is afraid of becoming (Markus and Nurius, 1986).
Self-discrepancy	Self-incongruence	Incongruence between real self and ideal/ought self (Rogers, 1961; Higgins, 1996).
Self-construal		Different understanding of the self (e.g., dependent, independent) in different cultures (Markus and Kitayama, 1991).
Self-categorization		Self-perception as a group member possessing the same characteristics and reactions as other group members (Abrams et al., 1990).
Self-conscious emotions		Emotions that can only be experienced by self-aware creatures—e.g., guilt, shame, embarrassment (Lewis and Ramsay, 2004).