Table 2.
Means and Standard Deviations before (T1) and after (T2) training period, and Bayes factors1 of time and interaction effects.
| Domain | Task | WMT T1 | WMT T2 | LPT T1 | LPT T2 | PC T1 | PC T2 | Time | Group × Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | (BF01) | (BF01) | ||
| Motivation | 5.57 (1.37) | 5.91 (1.63) | 5.91 (1.63) | 5.72 (1.49) | - | - | 1.55 | 8.50 | |
| Working memory | Aospan | 24.72 (14.06) | 29.36 (13.92) | 26.45 (14.56) | 31.53 (18.12) | 26.41 (15.48) | 32.31 (16.36) | 0.01 | 0.43 |
| DST | 27.83 (4.66) | 28.67 (4.67) | 27.47 (6.51) | 28.88 (5.93) | 26.32 (5.04) | 28.41 (4.98) | 4.30 | 116.25 | |
| Planning | TT | 16.34 (3.50) | 18.25 (2.49) | 16.69 (4.88) | 18.28 (4.63) | 16.17 (5.09) | 18.97 (3.52) | <0.001 | 0.07 |
| Reasoning | RAPM | 8.22 (2.81) | 8.33 (2.92) | 8.28 (2.98) | 8.55 (2.73) | 7.41 (1.90) | 8.21 (2.73) | 3.72 | 94.92 |
| Processing speed | Composite | -0.35 (3.23) | -0.40 (3.56) | -0.09 (4.58) | -0.16 (4.26) | 0.52 (2.55) | 0.67 (3.16) | 6.48 | 161.83 |
| SS | 28.11 (5.50) | 29.56 (6.73) | 29.78 (6.63) | 29.97 (7.73) | 26.69 (5.93) | 27.45 (5.57) | 1.5 | 14.88 | |
| Verbal fluency | LF | 40.06 (10.82) | 43.34 (10.85) | 39.75 (10.20) | 43.25 (11.79) | 38.79 (10.94) | 43.83 (13.89) | 0.002 | 0.07 |
| Flexibility | Composite | -0.05 (1.70) | -0.15 (1.88) | -0.01 (2.01) | 0.05 (1.83) | 0.08 (1.70) | 0.14 (1.69) | 6.44 | 142.79 |
| DF 3 | 7.31 (2.14) | 7.92 (2.38) | 8.47 (2.87) | 9.00 (2.34) | 7.14 (2.34) | 8.08 (2.47) | 1.23 | 2.98 | |
| TMT 4 | 90.26 (26.54) | 81.81 (27.65) | 86.22 (40.30) | 82.88 (41.49) | 92.31 (37.94) | 87.10 (29.39) | 1.58 | 39.40 | |
| Creativity | Composite | -0.25 (1.97) | 0.09 (1.77) | 0.45 (2.09) | 0.33 (2.14) | -0.20 (1.50) | -0.14 (1.68) | 6.58 | 6.58 |
Aospan, Automated Operation Span task; DST, Digit Span Total; SS, Symbol Search; LF, Letter Fluency; DF3, Design Fluency Condition 3; TMT4, Trail-Making Task Condition 4; TT, Tower Task; RAPM, Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices. Composite scores were created by summing z-scores of individual outcome tasks. Processing speed composite was composed of TMT Conditions 1, 2, 3 and Color-Word Interference Task (CWIT) Conditions 1 and 2; cognitive flexibility composite was composed of CWIT Conditions 3 and 4; Creativity composite was composed of Design Fluency (DF) Conditions 1 and 2. 1Bayes factors assessing the null hypothesis (BF01) < 0.33 indicates support for the alternative hypothesis (i.e., 3:1 probability in favor of the alternative), and BF01 < 0.05 indicates strong evidence for the alternative hypothesis (i.e., 20:1 probability in favor of the alternative). Conversely, BF01 > 3 indicates support for the null hypothesis (3:1 probability in favor of the null) and BF01 > 5 indicates strong evidence for the null (20:1 probability in favor of the null). Values between 0.33 and 3 suggest only weak support, and values close to 1 are not informative.