Table 2.

Other causes of troponin elevation not secondary to acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

Oxygen demand mismatch (in the absence of AMI)

Tachy-/brady-arrhythmias

Hypertensive crisis

Anemia

Hypovolemia or hypotension

Aortic dissection or aortic valve disease

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Strenuous exercise

Direct myocardial damage

Cardiac contusion

Cardiac procedures: cardioversion, pacing, ablation, endomyocardial biopsy

Cardiac infiltrative disorders, e.g., amyloidosis, haemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, sclerodermia

Chemotherapy, e.g., adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil, trastuzumab

Myocarditis or pericarditis

Cardiac transplantation (immune-mediated reactions)

Myocardial strain

Severe congestive heart failure: acute and chronic

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary hypertension or COPD

Accumulation of troponin in plasma

Acute/chronic renal dysfunction

Systemic processes

Sepsis

Systemic inflammatory processes

Burns, if affecting >30% of body surface area

Hypothyroidism

Snake venoms

Neurological disorders

Intracerebral hemorrhage or stroke

Seizures